Re: News: Einstein's Warping Found Around Neutron Stars.

On Sep 1, 6:41 pm, rick_so...@xxxxxxxxxxx wrote:
On Sep 1, 6:30 pm, rick_so...@xxxxxxxxxxx wrote:



On Sep 1, 6:11 pm, rick_so...@xxxxxxxxxxx wrote:

On Aug 30, 11:29 pm, Ye Old One <use...@xxxxxxxxx> wrote:

Einstein's Warping Found Around Neutron Stars.

http://news.yahoo.com/s/space/20070827/sc_space/einsteinswarpingfound...

SPACE.com Staff

SPACE.com Mon Aug 27, 4:30 PM ET

Einstein's predicted warping of space-time has been discovered around
neutron stars, the most dense observable matter in the universe.

The warping shows up as smeared lines of iron gas whipping around the
stars, University of Michigan and NASA astronomers say. The finding
also indicates a size limit for the celestial objects.

The same distortions have been spotted around black holes and even
around Earth, so while the finding may not be a surprise, it is
significant for answering basic questions of physics, said study team
member Sudip Bhattacharyya of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in
Greenbelt, Md. and the University of Maryland, College Park.

"This is fundamental physics," Bhattacharyya said. "There could be
exotic kinds of particles or states of matter, such as quark matter,
in the centers of neutron stars, but it's impossible to create them in
the lab. The only way to find out is to understand neutron stars."

Neutron stars can pack more than a sun's worth of material into a
city-sized sphere. A few cups of neutron-star stuff would outweigh
Mount Everest. Astronomers use these collapsed stars as natural
laboratories to study how tightly matter can be crammed under the most
extreme pressures nature can offer.

To even begin to address the mystery of what lies within these dying
stars, scientists must accurately and precisely measure their
diameters and masses.

In two concurrent studies, astronomers used the European Space
Agency's XMM-Newton X-ray Observatory and the Japanese/NASA Suzaku
X-ray to survey three neutron-star binaries: Serpens X-1, GX 349+2 and
4U 1820-30. They also studied the spectral lines from hot iron atoms
that whirl around in a disk just beyond the neutron stars' surfaces at
speeds reaching 40 percent light speed.

Normally, the measured spectral line for the superheated iron atoms
would show up as a symmetrical peak. However, their results showed a
skewed peak that was indicative of distortion due to relativistic
effects. The extremely fast motion of the gas (and the related
powerful gravity), they say, causes the line to smear, shifting it to
longer wavelengths.

The measurements allowed them to determine maximum star size. "We're
seeing the gas whipping around just outside the neutron star's
surface," said XMM-Newton team member Edward Cackett of the University
of Michigan. "And since the inner part of the disk obviously can't
orbit any closer than the neutron star's surface, these measurements
give us a maximum size of the neutron star's diameter."

He said the neutron stars can be no larger than about 20.5 miles (33
kilometers) across.

The XMM-Newton paper was published in the Aug. 1 issue of
Astrophysical Journal Letters. The other paper has been submitted for
publication in the same journal.

--
Bob.

We were discussing this not long ago. The work on the interior of
neutron stars has been filled with speculation and much of it needs to
be updated to meld with recent experimental data.

You see Wikipedia isn't jumping to conclusions...http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Neutron_star_cross_section.jpg

like some other people have...http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Neutron_star_cross_section.jpg

It is unlikely you are going to see much layering, when the nuclei are
all touching.
When you make Bose Einstein condensate, all the atoms become one
atom.
And do if the interior is one solid mass, then the nuclei have to be
touching.
It was always thought that that was as dense as you could compact a
thing.
Can you compress a superfluid?
These are the things that we don't know, but a Neutron star is about
as much as you can compress a thing with gravity, without it becoming
a black hole.
If it has a little more compressed mass than 20.5 miles, then it will
no longer be able to keep up with the force of expansion of the
universe, and it will slip back in time, the universe will continue to
expand and it will not be keeping pace with that, and will slip
backwards in time, becoming a black hole.

Here is my line of thinking.
If you have a group of atoms, in a neutron star, and those nuclei are
expanding along with the universe, but resisting that expansion
fiercely because of the mass of the thing, then it is putting out
really strong waves, of dark energy, and that has been shown, by the
severe warping of space around them.
But if you go past the limit for a neutron star, then what happens is
you get a change of phase, and now there are not a large group of
nuclei together fighting to expand, you have a Bose Einstein
condensate, and the nuclei now glom together, into one mass, they are
now one big bubble instead of a bunch of smaller bubbles the size of
nuclei, and that one big bubble cannot expand at the same rate, and so
back it goes, not able to keep up with expansion.
The t axis being the outward direction of the expansion of the
universe.
So it gets left behind along the t axis.
Still fighting like mad to expand along with the rest of the universe,
but not able to keep up. So that creates a hole, and things fall into
that hole and that mass increaes but it has a long way to climb out of
that hole, and so it can't do that, but it does send out jets of
energy, Hawking Radiation, and then eventually, it gets enough mass,
that the universe just overcomes that region of space-time, and blasts
it forward. In an incredible explosion.
The largest explosion in space ever recorded, was a super massive
black hole, and it has been exploding, in the process of exploding for
100 million years. Still exploding.
Thats a big explosion.
And it even wipes out, some of the quantum foam. large area of the
ether, just gets flat lined by that explosion.
It flattens those miniscule bubbles of foam in a large area and
totally disintegrates matter in the process leaving for a short
moment, a perfect vacuum, like a wormhole.
Well I don't know how short the moment is, but when the foam rushes
in, it explodes.

And this has been done in the laboratory.
By taking Bose Einstein condensate, and taking to almost absolute 0.
And as soon as you flat line the quantum foam, you create a perfect
vacuum.
So matter rushes in, it implodes, and then it explodes.

And the interesting thing is, that the Bosenova was predicted. Using
modern theory. The expanding man model in fact.
The two balloons in the void expanding into n dimensional space and
etc.
Before it happened.
I and maybe a few other people were a little concerned about doing
that, because it might have sustained a reaction.
But its like why do you climb a mountain, and it had to be done.
Creating black holes in the lab only in miniature.
And even the momentum, of the nucleus bubble, hitting the foam, that
little slap as it burst (figuratively speaking), was predicted, and
was measured.
That preserved the conservation of momentum, and ties in with the
second law of thermodynamics.
So the conservation of energy was preserved.
But!, the standard model failed to explain or predict this behavior,
although Einstein, did predict similar, and it is all in accordance
with SR and GR and as I say, what happened was predicted to happen,
based on those two theories, so because of that, we know that we have
the correct physics right down to the properties and behavior of the
quantum foam.






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