Re: CB144: Human and chimp genomes differ by more than one percent.
- From: Mark Isaak <eciton@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>
- Date: Mon, 26 Sep 2005 20:06:26 GMT
Here is a revision. I don't think I made any changes to paragraph 1,
certainly nothing major. Paragraph 2 is new. I considered adding a
reference to Britten's 5% difference estimate, but I could not figure
out where it would fit in or why it is needed.
--------------------------
Claim CB144. Human and chimp genomes differ by more than one percent.
For years, evolutionists have hailed the chimpanzee as "our closest
living relative" and have pointed out that the DNA is 98 to 99 percent
identical between the two. Scientists now say the difference is 4
percent, double what they have been claiming for years.
Source:
DeWitt, David A. 2005. Chimp genome sequence very different from man.
http://www.answersingenesis.org/docs2005/0905chimp.asp
Response:
1. The difference between chimpanzees and humans due to
single-nucleotide substitutions averages 1.23 percent, of which 1.06
percent or less is due to fixed divergence, and the rest being a
result of polymorphism within chimp populations and within human
populations. Insertion and deletion (indel) events account for
another approximately 3 percent difference between chimp and human
sequences, but each indel typically involves multiple nucleotides.
The number of genetic changes from indels is a fraction of the number
of single-nucleotide substitutions (roughly 5 million compared with
roughly 35 million). So describing humans and chimpanzees as 98 to 99
percent identical is entirely appropriate (Chimpanzee Sequencing
2005).
2. The difference measurement depends on what you are measuring. If
you measure the number of proteins for which the entire protein is
identical in the two species, humans and chimpanzees are 29 percent
identical (Chimpanzee Sequencing 2005). If you measure nonsynonymous
base pair differences within protein coding regions, humans and chimps
are 99.45 percent identical (Chen et al. 2001). Whatever measure is
used, however, as long as the same measurement is used consistently,
will show that humans are more closely related to chimpanzees
(including the bonobo, sister species to the common chimpanzee) than
to any other species.
References:
1. Chen, F.-C., E. J. Vallender, H. Wang, C.-S. Tzeng, and W.-H. Li.
2001. Genomic divergence between human and chimpanzee estimated from
large-scale alignments of genomic sequences. _Journal of Heredity_
92(6): 481-489.
2. Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium. 2005. Initial
sequence of the chimpanzee genome and comparison with the human
genome. _Nature_ 437: 69-87.
--
Mark Isaak eciton (at) earthlink (dot) net
"Voice or no voice, the people can always be brought to the bidding of
the leaders. That is easy. All you have to do is tell them they are
being attacked, and denounce the pacifists for lack of patriotism and
exposing the country to danger." -- Hermann Goering
.
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