Re: Shorts

My source is _Battle Cry of Freedom_ by James McPherson (2003 ed.),
ch. 9, sec. III. It's considered the current definitive general
one-volume history; it won the Pulitzer Prize. It's general, so it's
not just campaigns and battles: the first secession isn't until page
235 of 867, so it covers all the turmoil of the previous 15 or so
years. It also covers finance, society, effect, foreign affairs,
industry, agriculture, ... I knew little about the Civil War, so this
was an excellent choice.

In article <1382o3cei5ane49@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>,
Frank R.A.J. Maloney <frajm@xxxxxxxxx> wrote:
And Maryland was kept in the Union only by being occupied by the
United States Army.

It wasn't wholly occupied by any means. "The grain-growing counties
of northern and western Maryland, containing few slaves, were safe for
the Union." In the rest of the state, troops mostly patrolled
railroads, and that only in the initial stages.

Rioting in Baltimore

and the mayor and chief of police ordering the destruction of railroad
bridges and telegraphs to Washington, so that DC was cut off for days
from any news or reinforcements.

On the other hand, Maryland was specifically excluded from the
effects of the Emancipation Proclamation.

"Maryland" does not occur in the text
<http://afroamhistory.about.com/od/emancipation/a/proclamation.htm>
It was not affected because the warning text limited its effects to

all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of
a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the
United States

Maryland no more fit the criterion than Delaware or Kentucky (or,
arguably, Missouri). It enumerated only those places where it *did*
have effect:

Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana, (except the Parishes of St. Bernard,
Plaquemines, Jefferson, St. Johns, St. Charles, St. James,
Ascension, Assumption, Terrebonne, Lafourche, St. Mary,
St. Martin, and Orleans, including the City of New-Orleans)
Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South-Carolina,
North-Carolina, and Virginia, (except the fortyeight counties
designated as West Virginia, and also the counties of Berkley,
Accomac, Northampton, Elizabeth-City, York, Princess Ann, and
Norfolk, including the cities of Norfolk & Portsmouth) and which
excepted parts are, for the present, left precisely as if this
proclamation were not issued.

Note that Tennessee was not listed, despite its secession.

Kentucky tried to stay neutral until a Confederate general
invaded. The state eventually backed the Union

Bishop Polk didn't invade until September 3, but

at a special election on June 20, unionists won more than 70
percent of the votes and gained control of five of Kentucky's six
congressional seats. This balloting understated pro-Confederate
sentiment, for many southern-rights voters refused to participate
in an election held under the auspices of a government they
rejected. Nevertheless, the regular election of the state
legislature on August resulted in an even more conclusive Union
victory: the next legislature would have a Union majority of 76 to
24 in the House and 27 to 11 in the Senate.

but there was secessionist government also formed. For a while,
Kentucky had representatives in both the Union and Confederate
Congresses.

Kentucky had representatives in the Confederate Congress until the
end, per <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Confederate_Congress>,
as did Missouri, Arizona Territory, Cherokee Nation, and Creek and
Seminole Nations. McPherson notes that representatives from occupied
territories were the bedrock of Davis's support, voting taxes that
would never be collected on their constituents, voting conscription
that would not touch one of their men, continuing in office without
election or re-elected by small clumps of refugees.

Missouri's Legislature voted against secession in a special
convention,

The convention rejected it. It was not the legislature, which was
important in a few months.

But for a time there was an elected secessionist government and an
unelected pro-Union provisional government.

McPherson states flatly that there was no quorum in the legislature
that voted secession, but
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_secession> says that that is in
dispute.

The governor and most of the legislature had decamped. The only
unionist body with some claim to sovereignty was the state
convention that had adjourned in March after rejecting secession.
On July 22, therefore, a quorum of the convention reasembled,
constituted itself the provisional government of Missouri,
declared the state offices vacant and the legislature nonexistent,
and elected a new governor and other state officials. Known as
the "Long Convention" (to establish the analogy with the Long
Parliament of the English Civil War), the convention ruled
MIssouri until January 1865, when a government elected under a new
free-state constitution took over.

Missouri became the scene of guerrilla warfare by small groups of
raiders, some sweeping out of Texas and retreating to cover there.

Raiders on both sides: "Unionist 'Jayhawker' counterinsurgency forces,
especially the Kansans ..., matched the rebel bushwhackers in
freebooting tactics", earlier listed as "hit-and-run raids, arson,
ambush, and murder".

Finally, the territory of New Mexico (now New Mexico and Arizona)
tried to secede

McPherson doesn't even cover it, but I doubt it. He does mention a
proposal from Charles Francis Adams, in February 1861, to admit it as
a state, approved by the Committee of Thirty-Three but rejected on the
floor of the House.

New Mexico had a slave code and a few slaves. But everyone
recognized that the institution would not take root there; as
Crittenden noted, the ultimate consequence of New Mexico's
admission would be to give the North another free state.

<http://www.sangres.com/history/civilwarnm.htm> says "September 9,
1861, US Territorial Governor Henry Connelly issued a call for
service.". <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_states_(Civil_War)>
says

Conventions at Mesilla, New Mexico, on March 18, 1861, and Tucson,
Arizona, on March 23 adopted an ordinance of secession. The
conventions established a pro-Southern government for the southern
portions of the territory and called for the election of
representatives to petition the Confederacy for admission and
relief. [1] Lewis Owings of Mesilla was elected the territory's
first provisional governor, and Granville Henderson Oury of Tucson
presented the territory's petition for admission into the
Confederacy. [2]

and more info at
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Territory_(CSA)>, but I don't
see information about how much support there was, except the latter
saying "support for the Confederacy was strong in the southern part",
and that Mesillans were the people who were at the first convention.

--
Tim McDaniel, tmcd@xxxxxxxxx
.

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