Re: Learn Cumbric Speak Cumbric

Can you be more specific with the URL's and links to the dictionary and grammar ? He works on one of the narrow-gauge railways in Cymru and seemed genuinely interested and gave me his email address to send the info on learning Cumbric.

PS Isn't the Gododdin and Taliesin in a language that is a precursor of Cumbric (Old North Welsh) ? Could that be a source of missing vocabulary ? Also, the area would presumably have had a heavy Pictish influence (due to the extensive settlement by them of the north during the overrun period) so the fragments of Pictish that remain (some from Ogham stones) may be another source of missing vocabulary.

Best of luck with your endeavours, sounds like a very worthwhile project. It would be good to give Cumbric some "life" by the composition of songs and poems using the surviving Celtic music traditions of the area (like the Northumbrian piping).

I am trying to help you by fostering interest in this. Can some other speakers of Celtic languages help you too ?

Best Regards

Bob

Hawker wrote:
Well, there is not much point because I am slowly publishing a grammar and dictionary of Cumbric that I have in my possesion. Just click of the UK button only of your search engine and type in Cumbric. I think that Celtica are publishing what I have so far published. There is no copyright so anyone can use it. Also download a Voice Reader such as Natural Reader. Sooner or later anyone can use this dictionary and grammar when I have finished disclosing it to the public.
"Bob and Doris Jones" <bobianjones@xxxxxxxxxxxx> wrote in message news:7cMOe.8353$FA3.4863@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Can I contact you about somebody who wants to learn Cumbric - he is from the Lakes District but lives in Cymry (wales) ?

Hawker wrote:

I am finishing another programm off - but thanks you the push - I will get on with the grammar - when it is done use the grammar and correct any faults by its practical application.
"Bob and Doris Jones" <bobianjones@xxxxxxxxxxxx> wrote in message news:dCgOe.7024$FA3.328@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx


How can I learn Cumbric ? I know people from the Northern England who want to learn it as well. Are there classes and online resources.

A simple visit to the British Museum had a map of the northern Brythonic Celtic kingdoms post-Saxon invasio. Did these Elmet, Rheged, Strathclyde and Gododdin kingdoms all speak Cumbric ?

Agree with previous posters about the lack of numbers of Anglo-Saxon immigrants to Northumbria too - the high proportion of red hair, survival of Celtic musical instruments and songs and the famous Celtic sing-song accent.

hawker@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx wrote:


Introduction



Although many Cumbric words have survived in Scots and English examples of written Cumbric take precedence. Concerning the survival of Cumbric vocabulary, Mr. Whittaker in Volume Two, pages 233 to 329, in his History of Manchester, has provided a list of three thousand North Country Cumbric words that have entered the vocabulary of Standard English. In addition Mr.Davies supplied in a paper that he contributed to The Transactions of the Philological Society in 1885 another long list of North Country Cumbric words that have passed into Standard English. Mr. Davies commented that many low, burlesque, and obscene words in the Lancashire dialect can be traced back to Cumbric. Furthermore, Mr. Garnet in Volume One, page 171, of the Transaction of the Philological Society, also supplied a similar list of Cumbric words. Proof of the late survival of Cumbric as a spoken language in Cumbria exists in the place-name Cumwhinton, which contains the Norman personal name Quinton, and which means Quinton's Valley. In addition the survival of Cumbric field-names and the presence of three Cumbric words in a medieval manuscript called Leges Inter Brettos et Scottos lend further support for the persistence of Cumbric. The so called Shepherd's enumeration, which in fact was mainly used by knitters, must also be taken into account. Cumbric arose from Prythonic, which was the ancestor of all P Celtic languages. Prythonic developed into Proto-Welsh, Proto-Breton, Proto-Cornish, and Proto-Cumbric. Proto-Cumbric was widely spoken throughout Scotland, Northern England, and in the North Midlands. It is possible that the area in which Proto-Cumbric was spoken even stretched much further south. Place-name evidence reveals that Cumbric shared features in common with both Welsh and Cornish, and while in some ways Cumbric was more innovative than either Welsh or Cornish, certain features of Cumbric can only be described as being archaic. Some place-names, such as Pennigant in Scotland and Penyghent in England, have preserved elements of what may have been two dialects of Cumbric, for example the morpheme -gant and -ghent are derived from the Cumbric word *caint, which means a plateaux, and which was variously pronounced as *cant and *cent. Some Cumbric place-names, such as Larbet and Eccle Fechan, have even preserved elements of Cumbric grammar. These grammatical elements indicate that Cumbric was, with a few exceptions, identical to Medieval Welsh. This of course opens up the possibility of reconstructing Cumbric in much the same was that Nance reconstructed Kernewek, and other scholars reconstructed Cornoak. Kernewek is a reconstruction of medieval Cornish, whereas Cornoak is the reconstruction of Cornish as it would have been spoken just before its demise. A similar division between reconstructed early and reconstructed late Cumbric can be by deriving early reconstructed Cumbric from place-names, and late reconstructed Cumbric from the surviving Cumbric word in Scots and North Country dialect. Although paucity of vocabulary is no obstacle to the reconstruction of Cumbric, for example Basic English contains a core vocabulary of no more that a thousand words; it is possible to borrow Welsh words, which indeed was done by Nance. In addition the edition of the Times newspaper of the 3rd. January 1991 carried a report that first appeared in Le Mond, according to which Lukiann Kergoat, the head of Breton and Celtic Studies at the University of Rennes, and chairperson of a committee called Kreizhenn ar Geriauin, intended to create twenty thousand new Breton word in order to bring Breton up to date by respelling Welsh words. Northern England was guest to a large number of Danish and Norwegian settlers, mostly farmers and traders. Place-names such as Blennerhasset in Cumbria indicate that Scandinavian words were absorbed into Cumbric, thus allowing the modern words of science and technology, such as *telefision, to be adopted in Reconstructed Cumbric, thus following the example of Basic English. In addition many Roman laws, taxes, policing, and modes of administration are recorded in the Doomsday Book as having survived in Northern England. Archaeological evidence at Wharram Percy, and field and air surveys over the North Yorkshire Moors, reveal continuity throughout the sub-Roman period without any evidence for the replacement of the native Romano-British population by Anglo-Saxons. The importance of this lies in the fact that the abandoned settlements and villages in the area, which arose from the eviction of the population in order to create grazing land for sheep, are veritable time capsules going back to the Roman occupation of Britain. The smallness of numbers of Angles in the North-East of England is indicated by the fact that once during a siege the Anglian population retired to Bamborough Rock, which would indicate that a small number of Angles ruled over a large population of Celtic peasants. The fate of these Angles after the Danish settlement of Northern England is uncertain, but it is unlikely that any of the Anglo-Saxons survived, at best some might have continued as broken men, and others would have departed. The reconstruction of Cumbric will at least restore a version of the ancient language not only of Northern England, but also of Scotland. Northern England, which some authors have called Brigantia, lost its last vestige of autonomy when the Council of the North, which sat at York, was abolished in 1640 AC.



In the interests of promoting the use of Reconstructed Cumbric, copyright is waived on condition that Cumbric is described as a native language of Scotland and Brigantia. Please remember.







                                            List of Abbreviations



Bret. Breton

Chs. Cheshire

c. circa

cf. confer

Corn. Cornish (Kernewek)

Cu. Cumberland

Db. Derbyshire

Dur. Durham

Lancs. Lancashire

Lei. Leicestershire

M.W. Medieval Welsh

Nrth. Northumberland

Notts, Notthinghamshire

R.C. Reconstructed Cumbric

Shr. Shropshire

Shrews. Shrewsbury

Staffs. Staffordshire

Wor. Worcestershire

Wst. Westmorland

W. Welsh

Yorks. Yorkshire

                                           Cumbric Place-Names



                                                              A



Aberruthven: nr. Auchterrarder, Scot., cf. W. aber rudd faen, Corn. aber ruth ven, (red stone conflux), R.C. *aber rudd fain.

Ashton-in-Makerfield: Lancs.., Ashton c.1225, cf. Ince-in-Makerfield; cf.W. magwyr & Corn magor (wall or ancient ruin). R.C. *magwy, variant *magor, see Eaglesfield.

Aspatria: Cu., Aspatric c.1230, a Norse-Cumbric hybrid, this place-name preserves a Cumbric genitive.



                                                              B



Barpennald: Cu., cf.W. bar pen allt & Corn. bar pen als, (top of chief cliff). R.C. *bar pen alth

Barroc Fell: Cu., Barroc c.1295, cf. M.W. barawg, a spur. This place-name preserves a Cumbric adjectival suffix.

Barwick-in-Elmet: cf.W. *Barwyg-yn-Elved, bar (hilltop) and gwyg (coppice).

Bathgate: Scot., Bathchet, c.1160, Bathkethe c.1337, cf.W.baedd goed & Corn. both gos, (boar's wood). R.C. * baith gaith. NB. the lenition in the modern name; this is indicative of the persistence of Cumbric in the area.

Birdoswald: Cu., Borddoswald c.1200, cf.W. buarth, (cow fold of dairy); cf. Burtholm. R.C. *burth

Birkby: Cu., Brethesco c.1203, N. Breta Skogr, (Britton's Wood.); cf. Briscow.

Blawith: Cu., Blawit c.1276, cf., W. blaedd wydd & Corn. blydd with (wolf wood). R.C. *blaith with

Blencarn: Cu., Blencarne c.1159, Blenecarn c.1210, Blencarn 1211, cf. W. blaen y carn, cf. Corn. blyn an carn, (top of the burial mound); R.C. *blain y carn

Blencathra: Cu., Blenkarthure c. 1589, cf. W. blaen cader, (throne summit); R.C. *blain cadder. The alternative name for this fell is Saddleback.

Blencogo: Cu., Blenecogou c.1292, cf. W. blaen y cogau & Corn. blyn an cogas, (hill of cuckoos). R.C. *blain y cogow. This place name preserves a Cumbric suffix.

Blencow: Cu. Blenkhaw c.1254. A hybrid Cumbric-Norse place-name, *blain (haugr) meaning hill top.

Blennerhesset: Cu. Blennerhaiseta c. 1188, a hybrid Cumbric-Norse place-name, *blain yr haisetr, meaning crest of the hay field. This place-name establishes that the definite article y became yr before H.

Blindcrake: Cu. Blenecrayc c.1268, cf. W. blaen y cr aig, (summit of the rock); R.C. *blain y craic.

Brant Fell: Yorks. a hybrid Cumbric-Norse place-name meaning steep hill/mountain. The word brant, together with its variant brent, are still in use as a dialect word meaning steep. This is an example of the survival of Cumbric in dialect as well as in a place-name.

Bredon: Lei. Briudun c.730, meaning either the summit of a down or a fort.

Breedon: Wor. Beodun c.722, as above.

Briscow: Cu., Brethesco c.1203, see Birkby.

Burtholm: Cu., Burtholm c.1256, a hybrid Cumbric-Norse place-name meaning a dairy or cow fold on the spur of a hill. See. Birdoswald.



                                                               C



Cairndinnis: Scot., near Dunplelder, cf.W. carn dinas (a mound retreat). A dinas was a temporary fortified retreat as distinct from caer, which was a permanent stone-built stronghold such as a castle or farm-house, also cf. Dinas Sitch Tor, Db. behind the Snake in on Snake Pass.

Calder: Lancs., Kalder c.1200, cf. W. place-names Calettwr and Clettwr, (hard water, i.e. fast flowing river), W. called dwr; R.C. *caleth *dwr. The word cal has acquired a new meaning in Welsh and Cornish, therefore it is supposed the original was*Calthdwr.

Cambeck: Nth. Camboc c.1169, Cambec c.1622, (a meandering stream).

Camblesford: Yorks. Camelesford c.1311, cf.W. cam y lais, (bend on the stream). R.C. *cam y lais.

Camerton: Cu., Camerton c. 1150, cf.W. cymmer, (conflux), R.C. *cwmmer.

Capledre: Scot. Lochere in Linlithgow, cf.W. ceffyl dre, (horse town) R.C. *capel dre, cappel is a dialect word meaning a horse.

Capplerigg: Cu., see Capledre above.

Caraverick: Cu., Caraverick c.1150, the name of a lost settlement in Leath Ward of Cumberland. Caraverick c.1150, cf.W. caer efrog (farmhouse amid cowslips), R.D. *cair *afyric. NB. the intrusive y before R and initial E changed to A.

Carcowe: Wst. a field-name in West Ward of Westmorland. A hybrid Cumbric-Norse field-name, *Cair Haugr. The importance of a Celtic word appearing in a field-name is that it indicates a late survival of spoken Cumbric in West Ward.

Cardew: Cu., Carthew c.1287, cf. W. caer ddu, (black farmhouse), R.C. *cair *ddu.

Cardrona: Traquair in Peebles, Scot., Cardronow c. 1500, cf.W. caer dronau, (fort circle, i.e., of standing stones), R.C. *cair dronow. This place name contains the cambric plural -ow.

Cardunneth Pike: Cu., Cardunnoke c.1386, cf.W. caer Dunod, (Donatus' farmhouse), R.C. *cair Dunoth: see also Dintsmere, Chs., boundary of Donatus, also see Dinting, Chs., Dintinge, c. 1226, place of Donatus, Dinthill, Shrews., Dunthill c. 1200, hill of Dontatus, R.C. *Dunoth.,

Cardurnock: Cu., Cardrunnoke, c. 1386, cf.W. caer *durenog (pebbly farmhouse), c f. W. duren (pebble, steel, flint). NB. the disappearance of E between consonant R and nasal N. R.C. *cair durnoc.

Carfrae: Scot., Lauderdale in Berwickshire, cf.W. caer fre (hill fort). NB. this place-name has preserved the lenition of B into V. R.V. *cair fre

Cark: Lancs. Karke c.1491, cf.W. careg (stone). NB. the disappearance of E between the consonants R and K. R.C. * carc.

Carkin: Yorks. Karrecan c. 1200, Kercan, c. 1200, cf.W. careg can (white stone). See also Cargo, Cu. From Carec Haugr, hybrid Celtic-Norse place-name meaning White Hill. NB. the disappearance of E after R and before C. R.C. *carc can.

Carnetly: Cu., Carnthelaue c.1230. (Burial Mound of Teilo.), cf., Llanteilo in Wales. NB. that this place-name appears to preserve an aspirate mutation. R.C. * carn teilo.

Carwath: Scot., Lanarkshire, Karnewid c.1179, Carnewithe c.1315, Carnwith c. 1451, cf.W. carn y gwydd (durial mound of trees), cf. Corn. carn an gwyth. R.C. *carn y gwydd.

Carrick: Wst., cf. local dialect word currock and currick meaning a cairn or heap of stones, cf. Carrick in Scotland. The survival of Cumbric words in Scots and North Country dialect serves as the basis of the argument that Cumbric never really died out.

Carrock Fell: Cu., Carroc c. 1208, cf.W. carog (fenced, walled, or fortified).R.C. *caroc.

Carwinley: Cu., Carwyndelawe c. 1292, Karwendelowe c.1281, Carwyndelowe c.1300, cf. W. caer Wenddoleu (Gwenddoleu's Castle). R.C. *cair Wenddolaw.

Castle Carrock: Cu., Castelcairoc x.1165, Castelcarroc c. 1212, cf. W. castell caerog. R.C. *castel cairoc.

Castel Hewin: Cu., Castelewyne c.1272, Castle Hewin c.1794, cf.W. castell Owain (Owain's castle). This castle is legended to have been the castle of Eugenius Caesarius, a king of Cumbria who expelled the Angles and re-established British rule after the Saxons had been driven out. R.C. *castel Ewain. RC. *cader lan.

Catterlen: Cu., Caderlen c. 1165, cf. W. cader llan (hermitage throne). Cader in this case is from the Greek word kathedra meaning a bishop's throne. Cumberland, as well as Elmet and Cornwall, were Christian throughout the sub-Roman era, and were not reconverted to Christianity by Irish monks.

Catterton: Yorks. Cadreton c.1230, a hybrid English and Cumbric place-name meaning fort enclosure. NB. This place-name preserves a Saxon word just as Blennerhasset has preserved a Norse word.

Cairndinnis: Scot., near Dunpelder, this could possible mean the burial mound of Dionysius.

Chadderton: Lancs. see Catterton.

Cheadle: Chs. Chedle c.1153 (wood hill). A hybrid Cumbric and English place name.

Cheetham: Lancs. Chetham c. 1226 (wood pasture) A hybrid Cumbric and English place name.

Clesketts: Cu. Closchet c.1245, cf.W. clas coed (glebe wood), clas is an enclosed space, a green covering of grass, or glebe land. R.C. *clas caidd.

Comberbach: Chs. Comburbach c.1333 (stream of the Cwmbro), cf.W. cymro, Corn. kembro, from Prythonic cumbrogi meaning a compatriot. R.C. * *cwmbro boc. NB. In Cumbric W and O did not become Y before nasal plus stop as in Welsh, Breton, and Cornish. This is a distinctive feature of Cumbric, one of several that indicate that Cumbric was a separate language even though similar to Welsh.

Combermere: Chs. Cumbremara c.1157, (compatriot wasteland). R.C. *cwmbru myr.

Comberford: Staffs, this indicates that Cumbric was once spoken in the North Midlands, see also. Wor. Comberton, Lancs Comberhalgh.

Condor: Lancs. Condovere c.1246, cf.W. cam dwfr (crooked waters). R.C. *cam dwfr.

Coulderton: Cu., Culdreton c.1180, cf.W. cul dir (narrow land). R.C. *cul dir. This is a very interesting place name because it acquired the English word ton in the 12th.century, which would indicate that it was about this time that Scots began to replace Cumbric in Cumberland, which was the last refuge of spoken Cumbric.

Couwhencatte: Cu., Cumquencath c.1169. (Gwencad's valley). Gwencad is a personal name that means White Battle. R.C. *cwm Cwencadd. NB. the mutation of G into C.

Culcheth: Lancs., Culchet c.1201, Kulcheth c.1246, cf. W. cul goed (narrow wood), RC. *cul gaidd.

Culgaith: Cu., Culchet c.1203, Culgayth c.1232, cf. W. cul goed (narrow wood). Culgayth and Culgaith are verifications of the Reconstructed Cumbric *cul gaidd.

Cumcath: Cu., Cumcache c.1292, cf.W. cwm cach (dung valley), RC. *cwm cach.

Cumcrook: Cu., Cumcruk c.1295, cf.W. cwm crug (valley mound), RC. *cwm cruc.

Cumdivock: Cu., Cumdevoc c. 1244. Devoc's Valley, Prythonic personal name Dubacos meaning Dark or Swathy Man, cf.W. duog (dark), RC. *dufoc. NB. the persistence of the intrusive F, which is absent in the Welsh version of this adjective.

Cummersdale: Cu. Cumbredal c.1227. A hybric Cumbric and Norse place name meaning the Valley of the Cymru, cf. also Cumberland: Cumbraland c.945, cf. also Cumberhill in Derbyshire, Cumberworth in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire, see also Cumberbach cf. W. Cymru, RC. *Cwmbru. NB. The persistence of stop B after nasal M, and the persistence of W before nasal plus stop.

RC. *Cwmbru

Cumrew: Cu., Cumreu c.1200, Cumrew c.1209, cf.W. cwm rhiw, (valley slope). RC. *cwm riw.

Cumwhinton: Cu., Cumquinton c.1227. Quinton's Valley. Quinton is a Norman-French personal name. This place-name is proof that Cumbric was spoken after William Duke of Normandy succeeded Edward the Confessor.

Crakeplace Hall: Cu., Crakeplace c.1288, cf.W. craig plas (stone manor). RC. *craic plas.

Crew: Chs. Cruwe c.1190, Cruue c.1288, cf.W. cryw (a ford or stepping stones), cf. Crewgarth in Cumberland,cf. W. cryw garth (ford farm)..RC. *cryw garth

Crich: Db., Cryc c.1009, cf.W. crug (a hill). RC. *cruc.

Crickheath: Shr., Cruchet c.1272, cf.W. crug (a mound). RC. *cruc gaidd (wood containing a burial mound).

Crofton Bridge: Cu., formerly Waspatrickwath, meaning the Ford of Patrick's Servant. Patrick was a local saint who attained fame in Ireland, Gwaspatrick or Sevant of Patrick was a local fore-name.

Cruckton: Shr. Crocton c.1272, Crokton c.1308, cf. W. crug (burial mound), RC. *cruc.







                                                              D

Dacre: Cu., Dakre c.1292, cf. W. deigre (a tear drop). Dacre refers to a nearby stream, cf. Dacre in Yorkshire. NB. that the Welsh diphthong EI, pronounced as I, eye, and aye in English is pronounced as short A in Cumbric. RC. *daicre.

Dacre Beck: Cu., Dakerbek c.1323, RC. *daicre boc (tear stream).

Dalkieth: Scot., Dolchet c.1144, Dalkethe c.1337, cf.W. dal coed (meadow wood). RC.* dal caidd. NB. that the Cumbric *caidd has become the personal name Kieth.

Dalfibble: Scot., Dumfries, cf.W. dal pebyll (spread tent), RC.*dal febyl. NB. the mutation of P into F in this Cumbric place-name.

Dane: Chs. Dauuen c.1220, Daan c.1416, cf.W. dafn (a drip), cf. also Davenport in Cheshire meaning 'Drip Paved Road'. RC.*dafn.

Desoglin: Cu., Dassoglen c.1596. Oglen is related to the Welsh ogl meaning full of motion or life, in Welsh das means a heap. This place name could be construed to mean a heap of a certain substance that is full of certain living beings, but it probably refers to nearby marshy ground. RC. *das oglyn.

Devoke: Duvokeswater c. 1205, Duffockiswatir c.1280, the place-name means Dubacos' Lake, water referring to a lake or loch.

Dinthill: Shrews. Duntull c.1299, (Donatus' hill), cf. Dintsmere: Chs. Donatus' boundary mark, also Dinting: Chs. Duntinge c.1226, (Donatus'place),

Dinwiddie: Scot. Roxburgh, Dunwedy c.1504, cf. Dunwoody in Dumfries, cf. W. gwyddfa (woody place, a Bardic seat), and cf. Gwyddfa (Snowdon). NB., Dinwiddie and Dunwoody would be suitable places to hold a Scottish Eisteddfod.

Dollerline: Cu., Dallerline c.1598, cf.W. dol ar lefniad (loop on the smoothness). RC. *dol ar lefni. This place name refers to an ox-bow.

Douglas: Lancs., cf.W. glais (a stream), see also Diggles in Lancashire, both meaning black stream. RC. *du glais, NB. that the adjective precedes the noun. Douglas is also the surname of a well known Lancashire family, and is also used as a forename.

Dove Dale: Db. Duuendale c.1296, cf. River Dove in Derbyshire, Dufan c.951, Duue c. 1228, cf. also Dove Holes in Derbyshire. RC. *dufyn, diminutive of *duf meaning dark.

Dover Beck: Notts. Doverbec c.1227, cf.W. dwfr (waters). RC. *dwfr boc (stream of waters).

Dunreggit: Scot., Fort of Rheged, see Rochdale. Rheged was a British kingdom that included S.E. Scotland and N.W. England. RC. *dwn regedd.

Dreva: Scot., Tweed. Cf.W. y dre fa (the village place). RC. *y dre fa. NB. the lenition.

Drumburgh: Cu., Drumboc c.1225. Old Welsh drwm bach (small ridge). RC. *drwm bach.

                                                              E



Eccles: Lancs. Eccles c.1200, cf. Yorks Ecclesall, Eccleshale c.1205, cf. Ecclesfield, Ecclesfeld c.1109, Eccleshill, and Lancs. Eccleston, Ecclestine c. 1190, Great & Little Eccleston, Ecleston c.1285, and Db Eccles Pike, Ecclesbourne, and Staff. Eccleshall, and Drh. Egglescliffe, and Cu. Eglesfield, Eglesfeld c.1290, and Scot. Ecclefechan, cf. W. eglwys & Corn. Eglos, NB. the archaicism of these place-names in that the final vowel remained unchanged. RC. *egles.

Eddleston: Scot. Formerly Pentiacob, Jacob's penthouse. RC. *pent Iacob

Etherow: Chs. Ederhou c.1221, Ederou c.1285, Edderowe c.1290, cf. W. edd (glide), and haw (sluggish). RC. *edd yr how.

Ewanrigg: Co. Evenrigg c.1295, Ouenrig c.1332, Owain's Ridge. RC. *Owain



                                                             G



Gawswoth: Chs. Gouseworth c. 1276, cf.W. gof (a smith). RC. *gof

Gilcrux: Cu. Killecruce c. 1175, cf.W. cil y crug (retreat by the hillock). Rc. *cil y cruc.

Glasgow: Scot. Glasgu c.1136, cf.W. glas gau (green hollow). RC. *glas gow.

Glencoyn: Cu.Glencaine c.1212 Glenekone c.1255, Glencon c.1291, cf.W. glyn cawn (valley of reed). RC. *glyn cown

Glencoyne: Wst. Glencaine c.1212, Glenekone c.1255, Glencon c.1291, Glenkwent c.1577, Glenkwen c.1622. NB. This and the above place-name have been influence by the imposition of the English Gaelic word cain, meaning beautiful. The elements of English Gaelic in place-names are too few to attempt the reconstruction of English Gaelic.

Glendermackin: Cu. Glenermakon c.1278, cf.W. glyn y magon (valley of berries.) RC. *glyn y macon.

Glenderterra: Cu. Glunduvar c.1247, Glenderterray c.1729, cf.W. glyn dwfr terion (valley of pure water.) RC. *glyn dwfr terion. NB. The 18thcent. place-name has preserved *terion.

Glenridding: Wst. Glenredyn c.1292, cf.O.W. glinn redin, W. glyn rhedyn.

Glensax: Scot. Peebles, and Gensaxon in Dumfries, cf.W. glyn sais (Saxon Valley.) RC. *glyn saix. NB. The Cumbric archaism preserves the penultimate C.

Goyt: Chs. Recorded as both Gwith and Gote in the 14th cent., cf.W. gwyth (a narrow channel), Corn. goth & gwith. RC. *gwyth & goth. NB. The Welsh diphthong WY appears either as WI or O in Cumbric and Cornish. The pronunciation of long O as the diphthong OI was once a feature of the local dialect.

Gragareth: The Three Men of Gragareth: Yorks, Whernside, a topographical feature. Could be reconstructed into Welsh as y tri mein y gorgaered, meaning the three rocks (y tri mein) of the limit (gor) of the city wall (gaered). RC. *y tri mein y gor gairedd.



                                                               H



Hesketh: Lancs. Heschate c.1288, Heskayth c.1298, c.W. hais coed (prickle wood). RC. *hais caidd.

Heskin: Lancs. Heskyn c.1257, cf. W. hesgen (sedge, rush). RC. *hescen.

Hints: Staff. Hintes c.1199, also Hints, Shr. Hintes c. 1242, Hyntes c.1292, cf.W. hynt (road, way, course). RC. *hynt



                                                                I



Ince: Chs. Ynes c.1100, also Ince in Makerfield, cf.W. ynys. RC. *ynys

Inchkieth: Scot., cf.W. ynys coed (island wood). RC. *ynys caith.



                                                               K



Keldowansik: Wst. A field-name containing a Norse word and a Celtic personal name meaning Owain's spring. The existence of these Cumbric field names is evidence of the persistence of Cumbric as a spoken language.

Kent: Lancs. A river-name, also Kennet, cf.W.cynnwyd (primary element). RC. *cynnwith, var. *cynnoth.

Kenyon: Lancs. Kenien c.1212, cf.W. crug Enion (Enion's burial mound). RC. *cruc Enion.

Ketton: Rut. Ketene c.1174, Chetena c.1146, cf.W. coeden (a tree). RC. *caidden

Kirkbrynnok: Cu. c.1339. A lost place-name, Kirkja Brynach, Brynach's Church. Note the adoption of a Norse word yet Celtic grammar.

Kirkcambeck: Cu. Camboc c.1177, Kirkecamboc c.1280. Church (kirkja) on the crooked stream (camboc).

Kirkley: Nth. Crikelawa c. 13th. Cent. A hybrid Celtic Saxon word meaning hill (cruc) hill (hlaw).

                                                               L



Lamplough: Cu. Lamplou c. 1150, cf.W. llan plwyf, (parish church), cf. Corn. lan plov. RC. *lan plof.

Lanark: Scot. Cf.W. llanerch (hay-field). RC. *lanarch. NB. The short E before R plus stop has become short A.

Landican: Cu. Landekan c. 1281, cf. Llandegfan in Anglesay, Tegfan's Church. RC. *lan decfan. NB. Note the lenition.

Lanercost: Cu. Lanercost c. 1271, cf.W. llanerch Awst, Augustus's hay-field. RC. *lan Owst.

Lanrekaythin: Cu. Lanrecaithin c.1210. A lost place-name, cf.W. llanerch eithin (meadow of furze). RC. *lanarch aithin.

Larbet: Scot., Sterlingshire, Lethberth c. 1196, cf.W. leddberth (semi-bush). RC. *leddberth.

Laver: Yorks. Lauer c. 1307, also. Laversdale in Cumberland, Laverton in Yorkshire, a river-name, cf.W. llafr (spreading) RC. * lafer.

Leeds: Yorks. Loidis c.730 (Bede), Ledes c.1196, possible a river-name meaning flowing.

Leen: Notts. Liene c.1200, also Lyne in Northumberland, Lina c.1050, cf.W. lliant (torent). RC. *lian. NB. Absence of final S.

Leswalt: Scot. Galloway, cf.W. llys wellt (grassy court of manour house). RC. *lys walt. NB. Note the change of short E into short A before liquid plus stop. In Welsh gwallt means hair.

Leven: Chs. A river-name, Levene c.12^0, also Leven in Lancashire and Yorkshire, cf.W. llyfniad (smootness). RC. *lyfeni.

Lickle: Lancs. River-name, Licul c.1140, cf.O.W. llig (gliding out or through). RC. *licol (abounding in water courses)..

Lindefferon: Scot. Fife, see Hint, cf.W. llyn dwr hynt (flowing water course). RC.*lin dwr hynt.

Lindow: Chs. cf.W. llyn ddu (black lake).

Lindreth: Cu. cf.W. llyn ddrud (flow-rapid, i.e. a torrent). RC. *lin ddrudd.

Lingmell Crag: cf W. grug moel craig (heather-bald crag). RC. * ling mail craic.

Linlithgow: Scot. Linlithcou c.1150, cf.W. llyn llaith cau (lake wet hollow). RC. *lin laith cow.

Liscard: Chs. Lisenecark c.1256, cf.W. llys y carreg (stone manour house). RC. lis yn carrec. NB. The definite article yn.

Liverpool: Lancs. Liverpul c.1194, Litherpol c.1222, cf. W. llifr pwl (conflux pool) and litthr pwl (slip pool). This is a reference to a small pool that gave haven to fishing boats in medieval times, and which later served as a dock, but which has since been filled in. RC. *lifr pwl, *lithr pwl.

Lothersdale: Yorks. Loderesden c.1202, Lothereston c.1285, also Lauderdale in Scotland, cf.W. lleidr (bandit), and cf. Corn lader (a thief). RC. * cwm laiddr (bandit valley).

Lyne: Cu. Luene c.1292. RC. *lefeni. See Leven above.

Lyvennet: Wst. River-name Levenyd c.1292, Leveneth c.1292. This river is called Llwyfenyd in the Welsh translation of Taliesin's original Cumbric poem Urien of Rheged. RC. *lofenydd.

Lizard: Shp. Lusgerde c.664, lisgarde c.1291, cf.W. llys garth (court farm). RC. *lys garth.



                                                               M



Mabbin Hill: Wst. personal name Mabon.

Macefen: Chs. Masefen c.1260, cf.W. maes y ffin (field at the boundary). RC. *mais y ffin.

Maidencastle: Cu. formerly Carthonock c.1589, Thannock's Castle.

Mallerstang: Wst. Malrestang c.1223, Malvestang c.1228, cf.W. moel fre (bald mountain), and cf. Nor. stongr (staff). RC. *mail fre stang.

Mamhead: Db. Mammeheved c.1242, cf.W. maen (a stone), cf.Manchester, Mansfield, Mamesfeld c.1093, Mam Tor, etc. RC. *main. NB. This place name includes the Norse word for head.

Manor: Scot., Peebles, Maner c.1323, cf.W. maenor (a district marked by stones, or a manor house). RC. *mainor.

Maryport: Cu. formerly Aylnfoote c.1656. The river Ayln was called the Alavna in Roman times. Ayln foot means the mouth of the Ayln; this is a Celtic turn of phrase. Sir Humphrey Senhouse changed Aylnfoot into Maryport after his wife Mary.

Maughonby: Cu. Merchamby c.1254. A Cumbric-Norse hybrid place-name meaning Mercion's farm, from Roman personal name Marcianus. NB. The survival of Romano-British personal names would suggest the survival of a Romano-British population.

Meckfen: Scot, Perthshire, Mekfen c. 1226, Mecven c.1443, cf.W. mign maen (bog stone). RC. *myc fain.

Megget Water: Scot., Selkirkshire, also Meggeth, Cu., cf.W. mignydd (a bog), also

mignoedd (bogs). RC. * mygydd, pl. *mygaidd.

Meigle: Scot., Perthshire, Migdele in The Legend of Saint Michael, cf.W. mign dol (bog meadow). RC. *mig dol.

Melkinthorpe: Wst. Melcanetorp c.1150, cf. O.W. personal name Mailcun, cf.O.Ir. Maelcian.

Mellor: Lancs. Melver c.1246, also Mellor Db. Melner c.1330, cf.W. moel fre (bald hill). RC. *mail fre.

Melrose: Scot., cf.W. moel rhos, also Corn. mol ros (bald heath). RC. * mail ros.

Menstrie: Scot. Clackmannen, Mestry c.1315, Menstry c.1392, cf.W. maes y tre, also Corn. mes an tre (village of the open plain). RC. *mais tre, and *mais yn tre. NB. The spellings menstry suggest that the definite article became yn before a dental.

Methvan: Scot., Perthshire, Methven c.1211, cf.W. medd faen, also Corn. meth ven (mead stone). RC. *medd fain.

Migvie: Scot., Stratherrich, cf.W. mign fa (a boggy place). RC.* mig fy

Morcambe Bay: Lancs. Cf. W. mor cam (crooked sea). NB. This is an example of a trap for the unwary. Morcambe Bay was suggested by in Whitaker's The History of Manchester 1771, as the sight of Ptolemy's Marikambe. There is a Marricambe Bay in Cumberland whose origin is obscure. Pennines is another such trap. The original name was Riggings, meaning the Ridges. The name Pennines is an adaptation of the Appenines in Italy.

Morphie: Scot., Kincardine, cf.W. mor fa (sea place). RC. * mor fy.



                                                            N



Newton Arlosh: Cu. Arlosk c.1185, cf.W. llosg (fire). RC. *arlosc (land cleared by burning) NB. Arlosh contains the intensive prefix ar- (over), this indicates that such prefixes were in use in Cumbric.

Niddrie: Scot., Edinburgh, Nudref c.1290, Nodref c.1336, cf.W. newydd dref (new town), also Corn. noweth dref. RC. * now dref.

Noe: Db. A river-name, Noue c.1300, cf.W. nofio (to swim). RC. nofio (to flow or to

float).

                                                          O



Ochiltree: Scot., Kyle and Galloway, Uchiltre c.1304, Uchiltrie c.1406, cf. W uchel tre (high village), also cf. Corn. ughel tre. RC. *uchel tre.

Ogilvie: Scot., Perthshire, cf.W. uchel fa (high place), also cf. Corn. ughel va. RC. *uchel vy.





                                                              P



Panbridge: Scot., Forfarshire, Pannebride c 1261, cf.W. pant Brigid (Briget's valley). RC. * pan y Brigidd. NB. The G is a jod.

Panmure: Scot., Forfarshire, Pannemor c. 1261, cf.W. pant mawr (big valley), also cf. Corn. pans mur. RC. *pan y mowr.

Pant: Scot. (Stair Parish in Ayrshire), cf.W. pant (valley), cf. Corn. pans. RC. *pant.

Pant: Wst. a field-name in Kendell Ward, cf.W. pant. RC. *pant. NB. Field-names indicate a late survival of Cumbric.

Pardovan: Scot. Linlithgowshire, Purduuyn c. 1282, Pardovin c. 1542, cf. W. par ddwfn (deep field), also Pardovingishill, Scot. Renfrewshire. RC. *par ddwfn.

Parton: Scot. Cf.W. perth (a bush). RC. *perth.

Parwich: Db. Peuerwich c.966, cf.W. pefr wyg (bright farm or copse). RC. *pefr wic.

Patterdale: Cu. Patrichesdale c. 1148. NB. Patrick's valley.

Peebles: Scot. Cf.W. pabell (a tent or pavillion). RC. *pabel.

Peffer: Scot. Cf.W. pefr (bright). RC. *pefr.

Pencaitland: Scot. Penketland c.1296, cf.W. pen coed llan (end of the wood), cf.Corn. pen cos lan. RC. *pen caidd lan.

Penhurrock: Wst. c.1777. NB. Currock and currick are local words for a heap of stones or a cairn. The currock in question is a stone circle on a tumulus, grid 83-629104.

Pen Howe: Wst. a field-name in Kendall ward, a hybrid Cumbric-Norse place-name, pen haugr.

Penistone: Scot. Selkirk, cf.W. pen yr ystrum (head of the bend). RC. *pen ystrum.

Penistone: Yorks. Peningeston c.1199, cf.W. pen yr ystrum.RC. *pen yn ystrum.

Pennystone: Scot. Kirkmabrek, cf.W. pen yr ystrum (head of the bend). RC. *pen ystrum.

Penicuik: Scot. Edinburgh, cf.W. pen y coed, cf. Corn. pen an ***. RC. *pen y coc. NB. This place-name, together with Blencogo, determines that the ultimate C in coc became G in the plural, hence sing. *coc pl. *cogow.

Penketh: Lancs. Penket c. 1242, Penketh c. 1259, cf.W. pen coed (wood end) cf. Corn. pen cos, cf. Bret. Pen koad. RC. *pen caidd.

Penkridge: Staffs. Pencric c.958, cf.W. pen crug. RC. *pen cruc.

Penmanshiel: Scot. Berwickshire, a hybrid Cumbric and Norse place-name containing Norse skali (a shelter), cf.W.pen maen. RC. *pen main

Pennigant: Scot. Roxburgh, cf.W. pen y gaint (end of the plain). RC.*pen y gaint (end of the plateaux).

Penyghent: Yorks. Penegent c.1307. NB. Alternative pronunciations for the diphthong AI.

Pennymure: Scot. Roxburgh, cf. W. pen y mur (end of the wall). RC. *pen y mur.

Penersax: Scot. Dumfriesshire, cf.W. pen y sais (hill of the Saxon). RC. *pen yr sacs.

Penpont: Scot. Dumfries, cf.W. pen pont (bridge end), cf. Penpons in Cornwall. RC. *pen pont.

Penrith: Cu. Penred c. 1167, Penreth c. 1185, Penerith c.1367, cf.W. pen rhyd (ford end), cf.Corn. pen res. RC. *pen rydd.

Pensax: Wor. Pensex c 1231 (Saxon hill).

Penty: Scot. Lanarkshire, cf.W. pendy (main house, i.e. manor house). NB. No lenition in penty.

Peover: Chs. Peuere c. 1277, cf.W. pefr (bright). RC. *pefr.

Pilling: Lancs. Pylin c.1246, cf.W. pyll (pool or creek). RC.* pylen (diminutive, small pool or creek).

Plenmellior: Nb. Plenmenewre c.1256, Playnmelor c.1279, cf.W. blaen moel vre (summit of bald mountain). RC. *blain mail vre. NB. The initial sharp mutation of B into P is unexplained.

Plenploth: Scot., cf.W. blaen y plwyf (parish front or before the parish). RC. *blain plof

Poltragow: Cu. Poltraghaue c.1485, cf.W. pwll trachau (hills protruding into lowland). RC. *pol trachow.

Polmaise: Scot. Stirlingshire, cf.W. pwll maes (field pool). RC. *pol mais.

Pontheugh: Scot. Berwickshire, Hugh's Bridge.

Preesall: Lancs. Preshoved, Preshoved c.1190. A Hybridf Cumbric and Norse place-name meaning Brushwood Head, cf.W. prys (brushwood, fuel), cf.Corn pres (meadow). RC, *prys.

Prenlas: Scot. Leslie Parish in Fife, cf.W. pren glas (green plank). NB. The lenition in Prenlas. RC.* pren las. NB. Lenition.

Priorsdale: Cu. Presdale c.1280, cf.W. prys.



                                                                    R

Raswraget: Cu. a lost place-name in Eskdale Ward, Roswrageth c.1169, cf.W. rhos wragedd (woman moor). RC. * ros wragedd.

Redmain: Cu. Redeman c.1188, cf.W. Rhyd y Maen (ford of stone) in Dolgelly. RC. *ryd y main.

Roch: Lancs. River-name, Rachet c. 1292, cf.W. rheged (liberality, largess, bounty). Rheged, an ancient Romano-British and Christian kingdom in England during the Dark Ages. RC. * Regedd.

Rochdale: Lancs. Rachedal c.1195, Rachedham c.1193, (valley of the river Roch.)

Roose: Yorks. Rossa c. 1135, also Roose in Derbyshire, Rosse c.1156, Roose in Cheshire, Roose c.1336, also Roos and Rossal in Lancashire, cf.W. rhos (moor, heath). RC. *ros.

Ruthven: Scot. Perthshire, cf.W. rhudd faen (red stone), cf.Corn. ruth ven. RC. rudd fain.



                                                                S

Seisdon: Staffs. Saiesdona c. 1130, Seisdon c.1243, Saxon's Down, cf.W, sais (Saxon), cf. Corn. saws (saxon). NB. Compare with Penersax and Glensax. RC. *sais.

Sherbourn-in-Elmet: Yorks. Silva Elmete c.730, Elmed saeta (Bede), Elmet c. 800, Elmete c.1212, Elmeticos found on a tombestone in Carnarvan, cf.W. Elvyd.



                                                                T

Talkin Fell: Cu. Talkenfell c.1589, cf. W.& Corn., tal (brow) and can (white), Bret. Tal kan. RC. *tal can,

Tallentire: Cu. Tanentire c.1160, cf.W. tal y tir (end of the land), Corn. tal an tyr. RC. *tal yn tir, NB. The definite article before dental.

Tarnmonath Fell: Cu. This is a hybrid Cumbric and Norse place-name, cf. W. mynydd, (mountain) cf.Corn meneth. Tarn from tjorn. RC. *monydd. NB. This place-name preserves the Cumbric word *monydd as monath. The vowels O and U before nasal plus stop did not in Cumbric, unlike the rest of the P-Celtic languages, experience sound change. This in itself is sufficient to establish Cumbric as a separate language in itself, and not just a dialect of Welsh. Note also the ability of Cumbric to adopt load words such a tjorn.

Tarn Wadling: Cu. Ternewathelan c. 1338, cf.W. Gwyddelan as in the place-name Dol Wyddelan in Carnarvanshire. The word Gwyddel can mean either a pre-Celtic inhabitant or an Irishman. RC. *gwyddelan. In local legend the tarn or lake, which was filled in some time ago, was the lake

from which Arthur's sword came. RC. *tarn wyddelan. 

Tarvin: Chs. Tervin c.1209, cf.W. terfyn (boundary), from Lat. terminus.

Teman: Cu. Tenman c.1346, Temayne c.1568, cf.W. tan maen (fire stone), cf.Corn. ten men. RC. * tan main. NB. Teanen bonfires were lit at May Eve and Halloween in the Pennines and elsewhere, and cattle were passed through two bonfires to cure murrain, tean is a dialect word for a bonfire.

Tercrosset: Cu. Torcrossoc c.1193, cf.W. croesog (abounding in crosses), cf. Corn. crowsek. RC. *tor crosoc. NB. The origin of the Cumbric word *tor, which abounds expecially in Derbyshire and Cumbrian 12th century place-names, is enigmatic. Place-name experts are of the opinion that 12th century Cornish tin miners were brought into Derbyshire to mine lead and bluestone, and into Cumbria to mine graphite for pencils, and they brought the word tor, which is said to mean a tower, with them by naming cliffs and rocky prominences that look like towers tors, such as Mam Tor in Derbyshire. There is a Welsh word tor, which means a bulge, and it appears in Welsh place-names such as Tor y Mynydd, but place-name experts discount any Welsh influence in favour of the theory wandering twelfth century Cornish tin miners, for example it would be foolish to consider a Cumbric origin for Mam Tor such as *Main Tor y Monydd because Mam Tor is undoubtedly shaped like the tower of a Cornish tin mine.

Terregles: Scot. Galloway, formerly Traveregles, cf. Corn. place-name Treveglos (church town or a village containing the parish church). RC. *tref yr egles.

Torpenhow: Cu. Torpennoc c.1163, cf. W. penog (abounding in peaks). RC. *torpenoc. NB. It is possible that the wandering Cornish tin miners, so beloved by place-name experts, first wandered through Wales, then Derbyshire, and finally to Cumberland, picking up a smattering of Welsh on the way, such as the Welsh word penog, hence a Cornish and Welsh hybrid place name *tor penog.

Trabroun: Scot., in Lauderdale, Treuerbrun c.1170, cf.W. tref y bryn (village on the hill), also Trabroun in Haddington, Scotland. RC. *tref yr bryn. NB.Definite article.

Trenant: Scot. Edinburgh, formerly Trevernent, cf.W. tref y neintydd (town of the steep sided valley). RC. * tref yr neint. NB. Note the definite article and the Cumbric plural of the word nant.

Traprain: Scot. Haddington, Trepren c.1335, cf.W. trefbren (plank village). It if possible that this settlement was composed of scalis, which consists of planks covered in turves and fashioned in a circular pattern, the ends of the planks being fixed by a circle of stones, the original for Hobbit Hole .RC. *tre pren NB. No lenition.

Treales: Chs. cf. W. tref y llys (village containing the court, which is to say the court of the local dengi or ruler and tax collector).

Trevercraig: Scot. Carrick, cf.W. tref y craig (village of stone), also Trevercrageis: Ayrshire in Scotland. RC. * tref yr craic.

Triermain: Cu. Treverman c.1169, cf.W. tref y maen (village of stone). RC. *tref yr main.

Troloss: Scot. Lanarkshire, cf.W. tre llwst (village tail), cf. Corn. tre lost. RC. * tre lwst.

Trusty's Hill: Scot. This place-name refers to Tristan who was a local chief, viz. the legend of Tristan and Isolde.

Tulketh: Lancs. cf.W. twll coed (cave or pit wood). RC. *twl caidd.



                                                              W



Warren Burn: Nb. Warnet c.1157, cf.W. gwernydd (alder trees, or a bog or marsh). RC.*gwarnydd. NB. E before R plus stop becomes A.

Watermellock: Cu. Wethermelok c.1253, cf.W. gwydr moelog (green or blue baldness, i.e. a heath). RC. *gwydr mailoc.

Werneth Low: Chs. Wernyth c.1352, cf,W, gwernydd (alder trees). RC.*gwernydd.

Wharf: Yorks. A river-name, Verbeia, meaning a winding river, Weorf c.963, Werf c.1112, Warf c. 1155, Hwef c.1155. RC. *gwerf & *gwarf. NB. The pesent name is from the Norse word hvarf, which means a bend. Note also how E before R became A in the second spelling. This sound change is a feature of Cumbric.

Winister: Wst. Winster c.1170, cf.Gwensteri (white stream) in a verse by Taliesin. RC. *gwyn ysteri.

Winwick: Lancs. Winequic c.1170, Wynewich c.1212, cf.W. gwyn wyg (white village), cf.Corn. gwyn wyk. RC. gwyn wyc.



                                                               Y

Yeavering: Nb. Adgefrin (Bede), Yever c.1242, Yevre c.1329, also Yeavering Bell, a nearby hill, cf. W geifr ryn (goat's hill), cf.Corn. gever bryn. RC. *geifr ryn. NB. G pronounced as a jod, as in Welsh.

Yanwath: near Penrith, cf.W. un (one, only, single). RC. *un wadd. (only ford). NB. Gwadd is a loan word from Norse vadr meaning a ford.





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