Cuba's painful transition from sugar economy
- From: "PL" <pl.nospam@xxxxxxxxxx>
- Date: Wed, 17 Aug 2005 14:59:18 GMT
Cuba's painful transition from sugar economy
By Marc Frank2 hours, 39 minutes ago
Mounds of scrap metal, rusting railway cars and abandoned mills pockmark
Cuba's countryside as the island abandons much of traditional sugar
plantation economy and culture, leaving residents in limbo.
"Cuba will never live off sugar again. That belongs to the era of slavery,"
Cuban President Fidel Castro said earlier this year.
More than a decade after the collapse of Soviet communism and the loss of a
subsidized market for its sugar, Cuba is still coping with the effects. It
is closing down obsolete sugar mills that cannot compete given today's low
world prices. In 2002 the island nation shut half its sugar refineries and
this year decided to close down more.
Sugar was Cuba's most important export for more than a century, but it has
slipped to third place after nickel and tobacco products. It also trails
tourism and family remittances from Cubans living in the United States as a
source of hard currency.
Some 500,000 workers and their families -- 2 million of Cuba's 11 million
inhabitants-- depended on the sugar industry,
living in mill towns that dotted the countryside.
"You can imagine, when the mill closed people were mad, they were confused,
they felt really terrible. It was the heart of the town," said 55-year-old
Justo Corona Marquez, lifetime resident of Jobabo in eastern Las Tunas
province.
"You feel sad. After so many years there is no more harvest," Corona said,
as he sat on a park bench in the town's center contemplating the dismantled
Peru sugar mill, now reduced to three smokestacks amid a pile of rusting
iron.
Seventy-one of 156 mills closed in 2002 in a restructuring that left as many
as 200,000 workers jobless. The government said new industries would arise
and 3.1 million acres of land would be shifted from sugar cane to other
agricultural uses, an area equal to 62 percent of Cuba's arable land.
LITTLE DEVELOPMENT
Three years later more mills are closing even as towns wait for new
industries to arise and land falls into disuse in a country that imports
half its food.
"There is no capital for development and the government has so far refused
foreign investor offers to save mills and develop land," a Cuban agriculture
expert said.
Residents in the First of January municipality in Ciego de Avila province
fretted they would be next. Their local mill will not operate in the coming
harvest for the first time since it opened in 1918.
The Sugar Ministry blamed a two-year drought for this year's output of 1.3
million tonnes of raw sugar, well below the government's post-restructuring
target of 2 million. It is the lowest harvest since 1908 and compares with 8
million tonnes in 1990.
The First of January mill, with a capacity of 124,000 tonnes, produced just
38,000 tonnes this year, local workers said.
"They told us we operated at a loss and would not mill until there was
enough cane, perhaps in 2007," said Arnaldo, an automation specialist.
"First of January is dying. Many people are looking to move, to find other
jobs," he added.
Foreign and local experts said drought was only part of the problem.
"This year's performance was blighted not only by drought. It was also the
result of long neglect, under-investment, bad management and poor
organization," international sugar industry analyst G.B. Hagelberg said.
Farmers complained only a small portion of sugar lands have been converted
to other uses while the remainder is being overrun by brush and weeds.
WORKERS STUDY ON FULL PAY
In the Jobabo park, fronting the dismantled Peru mill, adolescents played
ping-pong and dominoes. A barber plied his trade on the sidewalk as pigs
were roasted nearby for pork sandwiches. People walked through the mill
rubble and across abandoned railroad tracks going about their daily
business.
Romana Alvarez Cruz, umbrella shielding her from the burning sun, said she
was being paid a full salary for a five-year course in the humanities and
hoped to work in culture.
"Here I am and, yes, there is a future, there are lots of projects," the
34-year-old mother-of-two said, unable to specify what they were beyond
chicken and rabbit breeding and planting fruit trees and vegetables.
Corona said the town had settled down since 2002 because the government kept
its promise that workers would be retrained on full pay and guaranteed their
wages until new jobs were found.
"Here the government leaves no one to their fate. It is doing what it can,"
he said.
Some of Jobabo's 50,000 residents have left for the provincial capital or
gone westward toward Havana or north to the United States, a local doctor
said, adding that cases of alcoholism and hypertension had increased.
"The problem is this place is becoming just another depressed agricultural
village when it was a bustling industrial town. We are treading water,
stagnating at full pay," she said.
Down the road at the still open Colombia mill the pedestrian hustle and
bustle and truck and tractor traffic confirmed the doctor's diagnosis.
"A suitably dimensioned industry will eventually have to be built from the
ground up with massive injections of capital, Until then I see only more of
the same," Hagelberg said.
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