Re: saddest thing about Hispanics

cor wrote:
California, Arizona,
Texas and more were part of Mexico.

Big fuckin' deal, Senyor. Huge parts of what is now Latin America were
once part of Britian:

http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+hn0019)
Major British settlements were established at Cabo Gracias a Dios and
to the west at the mouth of the Rio Sico, as well as on the Islas de la
Bahia. By 1759 a Spanish agent estimated the population in the Rio Sico
area as 3,706.


from "British Honduras", by D.A.G. Waddell, copyright 1961
page 7
The English probably visited the Bay of Honduras as early as the latter
part of the sixteenth century, but the first British colony in the
western Caribbean was on the island of Old Providence, off Nicaragua,
in 1629. From there trade was carried on and settlements made on the
Mosquito Shore, and the island of Ruatan in the Bay of Honduras was
occupied......But the Spaniards dislodged the British from Old
Providence in 1641 and from Ruatan in 1642.......
There is a strong tradition that the settlement in British Honduras was
founded about 1638 or 1640 by a Scottish buccaneer, Captain Peter
Wallace, of whose name Belize is a Spanish corruption. Another
tradition tells of the original settlers being the crew and passengers
of an English ship wrecked on the coast. But the origins of Belize
remain obscure.

page 37
The enforcement of the American view, which was largely inspired by
the Monroe Doctrine, would have meant that Britain would not only have
to give up Ruatan and the Mosquito Shore, but also in British Honduras
to abandon the area south of the Sibun.......
Britain proved willing to yield over Ruatan and the Mosquito Shore, but
not over British Honduras........
Then, however, a compromise was readily reached on the basis of Britain
handing over Ruatan to the republic of Honduras, and the Mosquito Shore
to Nicaragua......

http://www.datasync.com/~woodward/marshall.htm
The substantial British presence in the West Indies is outside the
scope of the volume, but the final three chapters look at British
Caribbean communities within Spanish-America. Ross Graham describes the
evolution of a cultural identity in Honduras' Bay Islands; Ronald
Harpelle examines the changing identity of West Indian immigrants to
Costa Rica; and Jim Ross tells us about "Colombianisation" policies on
the small Caribbean island of San Andrés that failed to completely
eradicate British culture there.
Taken as a whole, these essays offer much insight and information
regarding how communities outside the mainstream of Latin American
history sometimes influenced it significantly.

Honduras Bay Islands
http://www.roatanonline.com/moreroatan/history.htm
During the 13th and 14th centuries, Europeans discovered these islands.
For almost 200 years Spanish conquistadores and British pirates battled
for control of these islands, ignoring the Indians for the most part.
Remains of old British forts and towns named after famous pirates
remain as their legacy.
The British eventually established control of the Bay Islands, until
the early 1960's when control of the Islands was officially returned to
Honduras.

http://www.roatanisland.net/history.htm
History of Roatan

Brief historical and ethnographical account of the Bay Islands
by David Evans (dkevans@xxxxxxx)
The first records indicating permanent English settlements in the Bay
Islands (other than the intermittent occupations by the logwood cutters
and buccaneers, and the abortive attempt by the Puritan sponsored
Providence Company) show that Port Royal, on the island of Roat?, was
again occupied in the year 1742. In this year the British made an
attempt to gain possession of most of the Caribbean coast of Central
America, and in doing so, rebuilt the old fort on Roat? (Squier
1858:615-616).
The archives at Belize record a Major Caulfield in command of Roat? as
early as 1745. On August 2nd of that year, the Major wrote a letter to
a Mr. Trelawry, Govenor of Jamaica, describing Spanish harassment of
English settlements (Archives, vol. I: 15). These settlements appear to
have been well established on the island of Roat? by 1775. A map of
that year, drawn by Thomas Jefferys, Geographer to His Majesty, Clearly
shows essentially all of the present older settlements, bearing their
current names, with the exception of Calkett's Hole (now Coxen's Hole)
and Falmouth Harbout (now Oak Ridge).
The Spanish, as soon as the early dawn provided enough light, directed
a well-coordinated attack against the English at Port Royal on the
early morning of March, 2nd 1782. "After a heavy cannonade, detachments
of the troops landed and opened regular trenches against the forts,
which were so closely invested and hotly pressed that on the 16th of
the month they surrendered at discretion. The lives of the defenders
were spared, but all their dwellings, to the number of 500, were
destroyed" ( quoted by Squier in 1858: 616-617).
Six years later, in 1788, England completely evacuated all of her
settlements in the Bay Islands as well as on the Miskito Shore. The
islands then lay deserted of Europeans for almost fifteen years until
1797, when the English removed by force some 5,000 "Black Caribs" (a
mixture of African Negro and Carib and Arawak Indians) from the
Windward Island of St. Vincent, and marooned them on the then empty
beaches of Port Royal on Roat? (Squier 1858:172 and Taylor 1951: 36).
Conzemius tells us that these unhappy people were first taken from St.
Vincent to the small island of Balliceaux, then to that of Bequia, both
in the Grenadines. At Bequia they were loaded aboard H.M.S. EXPERIMENT
under the command of Captain Barrett, and then shipped to Roat?. They
were landed on Roat? on a stormy day of February 25, 1797 (Conzemius
1928: 189). According to the Honduran historian, Dur?, the British
employed two men-of-war and a brigantine, landing the deportees in
April, not February, in 1797 (Dur? 1927:99). My own (DKE) personal
research both in Belize and in Berkeley indicates that this landing was
indeed in the winter months, and most likely February. The History of
the Garifuna, as well as the history of their most famous dance, "La
Punta", seems to spiral outward from this day, whatever month it was
in.


http://bluefieldspulse.com/our_history.htm
The British colonization of the Atlantic Coast (1633) and the
development of the enclave economy by North American Companies (1860)
ceased all further independent growth of the tribal
organizations.......
However, the Puritans , the first English colonizers shielded by
pirates , arrived to the Atlantic Coast of Nicaragua in 1633 from
Providence island in the Caribbean Sea. They bartered guns, machetes,
axes, cloths, beads, and mirrors with the Miskitu Indians in exchange
for cacao, dyewoods, India rubber, sarsaparilla, animal skins, and
turtle shells.....
In 1720, the Misquito Indians surrendered their country to the King of
England in the British colony of Jamaica. The governor of Jamaica
crowned the chief of the Miskitu tribe as "king" and declared the
Miskitu Indians territory as an independent "nation" under the
protection of the British Crown; whereupon, England could legitimately
claim control over the interoceanic route. The colonist organized the
tribes, lead by the Miskitu Indians, and defended the protectorate
against the Spanish Crown. In 1786, the signing of the Convention
Treaty between Her Britannic Majesty and the King of Spain in London
brought the English Protectorate of the Miskitu Indians to a national
question in England:
In those years, the city of Bluefields flourished with the construction
of new commercial buildings and private homes on account of the banana
boom. Some of the companies and commercial enterprises conducting
business were Bluefields Banana Co., New Orleans and Central American
Trading Co., Emile Brautigham, Belanger, Henry Clay Ingram, George D.
Emery Co., Brown &. Harris, Casa Seegard, Levy & Levis, J. L. Sargent,
John H. Simmons, Siegert and J. A. Paterson, etc. And because of the
scarcity of the labor force, African indigenous slave descendants from
New Orleans and particularly Creoles, skilled laborers, from Jamaica
were brought to work on the banana farms. A few Chinese, such as Wing
Sang, Chey-Wisin, Wab-Sin, Henry-Tom, and Henry-James engaged in
fishing activities. The labor force coupled with the Europeans and
North Americans increased the pop-ulation to more than 3,500 people.

http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/world/A0859996.html
British influence had been established along the east coast in the 17th
cent., and in 1848 the British seizure of San Juan del Norte opened a
period of conflict over control of the Mosquito Coast.
http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/world/A0843487.html
San Juan del Norte , small town, SE Nicaragua, on the Caribbean Sea.
Small quantities of bananas and hardwoods are exported. Also called
Greytown, it was occupied (1848) by the British to secure control of
the Mosquito Coast and to check the U.S. efforts to build an
interoceanic canal. The port became the thriving eastern terminus of a
transisthmian transport company operated by Cornelius Vanderbilt in the
gold rush to California.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua
The black population of the east coast region has English as its first
language.....
The eastern half of the country, on the other hand, was once a British
protectorate. English is still the first language of most people in
this region

http://www.nicaraguafishing.com/history.htm
The discovery of gold in California drew additional attention from
American and European powers who wanted to establish and control routes
across Panama and Nicaragua. Americans, French and British were among
the contenders, and in a move to control a route from the sultry,
swampy Mosquito Coast of Nicaragua, the British occupied the Eastern
seaboard port of San Juan del Norte between 1848 and 1850, renaming it
Greytown.

http://library.thinkquest.org/17749/lhistorysummary.html?tqskip1=1
Colonial Nicaragua enjoyed comparative peace and prosperity, although
freebooters like the English navigators Sir Francis Drake and Sir
Richard Hawkins continually disrupted that prosperity by raiding and
destroying coastal settlements. During the 1700s, the British managed
to ally themselves with the Miskito, a Native American group of people
intermarried with blacks, and they began to severely challenge Spanish
control. For a period during and after the middle of the century the
Mosquito Coast was considered a British dependency.

http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+pa0040)
Broadly speaking, Panamanians viewed their society as composed of three
principal groups: the Spanish-speaking, Roman Catholic mestizo
majority; the English-speaking, Protestant Antillean blacks; and tribal
Indians.


http://www.destinationcartagena.com/Isla_de_Providencia.html
Old Providence (Isla de Providencia) is an English-speaking Colombian
island with a population of 4,500. Located deep in the western
Caribbean (60 miles north of San Andres Island, approximately 400 miles
northwest of Cartagena and 150 miles east of Nicaragua), it can be
reached by means of flights from San Andres Island, which in turn has
direct flights from Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Jamaica, and Cuba.
In 1629 English colonists found several Dutch smugglers and privateers
already on the island. The same prominent Londoners who organized the
settlement of Massachusetts (aboard the Mayflower) formed a Company for
the colonization of Providence Island. In 1631 the first Puritan
settlers arrived aboard the Seaflower. By 1635 there were 500 white men
and 40 white women on the island, and in 1636 privateering was
underway. In 1641 the Spanish sent a small fleet and captured the
island, sending 400 colonists as prisoners to Spain. After being taken
by pirates and retaken by the Spanish, Providence was finally captured
by Henry Morgan and his Port Royal Privateers. Morgan viewed
Providence's central location in the Caribbean between Veracruz, Porto
Belo, and Havana as "a loaded pistol held perpetually to the breast of
Colonial Spain." By the mid-1700's however, the island was again in the
hands of the Spanish, for Francis Archbold, captain and slave trader,
was given a land grant by the Spanish in 1787. Archbold, Newall, and
Britton are the prominent names on the island even today.



http://www.datasync.com/~woodward/marshall.htm
Jim Ross tells us about "Colombianisation" policies on the small
Caribbean island of San Andrés that failed to completely eradicate
British culture there.


http://www.nuestracolombia.org.co/m_englishversion/colombiabeautiful.htm
SAN ANDRES Y PROVIDENCIA
SAN ANDRES
Archipielago located to 400 miles of the coasts of the Caribbean Sea,
made up of: San Andrés, Providence and Santa Catalina, and the small
barren islands: Bolivar, Haynes, Algodón and Alburquerque; the keys
Jonny Cay, Snorer, Mountain, Serranilla, Quitasue6no, Grunt, Rocky and
Aquarium.
Sites of Interest San Andrés:
The Cave of Morgan: where the Morgan pirate hid his treasures,
according to account the legend.
Haynes Cay: Natural Aquarius where is the habitat of great variety of
marine species. One is to 20 minutes of San Andrés.


San Andres archipelago, Columbia
http://www.san-andres.com/docs/index_eng.shtml
DISCOVERY
Many historians agree that the archipelago was discovered in 1629 by
English Puritans and Jamaican woodcutters and was then conquered by the
Spanish in the second half of the 17th century. For two hundred years
the English, Dutch, French and Spanish disputed ownership. During that
same period, the famous English pirate Henry Morgan used San Andrés as
his base of operations and, according to legend, as a hideaway for his
much acclaimed treasure.
HISTORY
Though all the islands did not develop in the same way, their history
is similar; discovered by the English but colonized by the Spanish,
they were military ruled for thirty-six years. For many years, Spain
and England fought for control of the islands, and so the Spanish flag
was lowered only to raise the British one time and time again. This tug
or war ended in 1793 with the signing of the Versailles Treaty, in
which England recognized Spain's sovereignty over the archipelago.
Trade with England, however, was maintained.
After 300 years of tumultuous history, the results were a proud race
with mahogany skin, light-colored eyes, an English accented with the
rhythm of the Caribbean, devout Protestants and believers in magic.
History which embraces settlements of Dutch, French, African, English
and Spanish who fought over, won, lost and occupied these lands on
different occasions.
A melting pot of all these races and cultures, out of which emerged the
Caribbean people.
Chinese, Arabs and continental Colombians later arrived to settle here.


http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ni0012)
The Caribbean coast, because of its proximity to the West Indies,
historically has been the site of foreign intervention and non-Hispanic
immigration from black and indigenous groups from the Caribbean and
from British settlers and pirates.

http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ni0013)
In the west and highland areas where the Spanish settled, the
indigenous population was almost completely wiped out by the rapid
spread of new diseases, for which the native population had no
immunity, and the virtual enslavement of the remainder of the
indigenous people

http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ni0015)
In the late 1600s, the Miskito, who lived in Nicaragua's Caribbean
lowlands, began to be exploited by English "filibusters" (irregular
military adventurers) intent on encroaching on Spanish landowners. In
1687 the English governor of Jamaica named a Miskito who was one of his
prisoners, "King of the Mosquitia Nation," and declared the region to
be under the protection of the English crown. This event marked the
beginning of a long rivalry between Spanish (and later Nicaraguan) and
British authorities over the sovereignty of the Caribbean coast, which
effectively remained under British control until the end of the
nineteenth century.

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