Re: US is land of tortured students.

On Sun, 22 Apr 2007 07:32:47 -0700, "Albert K. Fung"
<akwfung@xxxxxxxxxxx> wrote:

The world's sixth largest economy, the People's Republic of
California, hasn't change her CO2 emission in over ten years
while her economy more than doubled in the same time period.
California leads the world by passing legislation to cap CO2
emission on one hand and to reduce it by at least 25% by the
year 2020 on the other.

PaPaPeng:

Another way of looking at this claim is that Calfornia has lost her
metal bashing industries. Also California has not built any new power
stations preferring to buy them from out of state and that keeps the
CO2 emission figures down.. One can make statistics say anything one
likes if one cherry picks the appropriate figures. But one can't hide
the total energy consumption and the total emission figures per
country. You can't violate the three Laws of Thermodynamics.

Commendable ignorance ....

The natural world, is governed not by laws of thermodynamics
alone. There is, for instance, Ohm's law. Which states that
if one generates electrical power in China's Three Gorge Dam
for consumers in Beijing then a substantial portion of their
bill goes to paying for heating the atmosphere.

California's savings, through conservation, is 18% y-o-y.

Making it unnecessary to build new power plants. Most of her
large energy consumers generate their own electricity onsite
in recognition of Ohm's law, and the laws of thermodynamics.
Known as co-generation, the heat from electricity generation
is used for heating and cooling purposes. Since the esteemed
netter claims expert command in the laws of thermodynamics,
perhaps a quiz is in order: Is getting cool air from hot air
possible?

Does it not violate the laws of thermodynamics? .... :)

Regards,

Albert K. Fung
Hacienda Escala, Santa Ynez, California, USA.
---
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Your post is too hilarious to merit a reply. Its Sunday and I am
going to cycle to the public park to take in the Earth Day gathering.
Its 4 deg C and slightly overcast, an excellent day to bike.

Below is an article from WIKI that should get your started on what the
Laws of Thermodynamics mean. What doesn't get converted into useful
work is wasted in heat. To generate that power you burn fuel.
Burning fuel, a hydrocarbon begets CO2. Go from there.

WIKI: Engine efficiency of thermal engines is the relationship
between the total energy contained in the fuel, and the amount of
energy used to perform useful work. There are two classifications of
thermal engines- (1) Internal combustion (gasoline, Diesel and gas
turbine, ie., Brayton cycle engines). (2) External combustion engines
(Steam piston, steam turbine, and the Stirling cycle engine). Each of
these engines has thermal efficiency characterisics that are unique to
it.

Modern gasoline motors, have an average efficiency of about 25% when
used to power an automobile. In other words, of the total energy of
gasoline, 75% is consumed by the motor itself and dissipated in the
form of heat and only 25% of energy moves the vehicle. At idle and
slow speed the efficiency is much lower than average and improves
considerably at open road speeds. Diesel motors are more efficient.
The most efficient type, direct injection Diesels, are able to reach
an efficiency of about 40% in the engine speed range of idle to about
1,800 RPM. Beyond this speed, efficiency begins to decline due to air
pumping losses within the engine.

The efficiency depends on several factors, one of them is the
compression ratio; most gasoline engines, have a ratio of 10:1 or 8:1
with some high performance engines reaching a ratio of 12:1. The
greater the ratio the more efficient is the machine. Higher ratio
engines need fuel with higher octane value.

Diesel engines have a compression ratio between 14:1 to 25:1. In this
case the general rule does not apply because Diesels with compression
ratios over 20:1 are indirect injection Diesels which use a prechamber
to make possible high RPM operation as is required in automobiles and
light trucks. The thermal and gas dynamic losses from the prechamber
result in direct injection Diesels despite their lower compression
ratio being more efficient. An engine has many parts that produce
friction and this friction increases at high RPM. A motor is more
efficient at low RPM than at high RPM. The loss of efficency as RPM
rise becomes proportionately greater due to air pumping losses which
increase much faster than friction losses.

Piston steam engines are very inefficient which is why there are no
longer any steam locomotives in commercial use. Large output steam
turbines equal or exceed the efficiency of the Diesel, which is why
they are used for electric utility generating plants. The Stirling
engine has the highest efficiency of any thermal engine but it is very
expensive to make and is not competitive with other types for normal
commercial use.

The gas turbine is most efficient at maximum power output. Efficiency
declines steadily with reduced power output and is very poor in the
low power range. This is one reason, among several, why the gas
turbine is not used for automobiles and trucks where much of the
operating cycle is at idle and low to intermediate speeds. Detroit at
one time tried to make a gas turbine for an automobile and gave up.
This is also why gas turbines can be used for peak power electric
plants. In this application they are only run at full power where they
are efficient or shut down when not needed.

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_efficiency";

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