Re: varroa destructor introduction and evolution

Dominic Richens wrote:

Don't know if it is fact but it does make sense. Humans and many other
animals have evolved this same instinct - why not bees?

<generated in UTF-8>

ℐt was generally agreed upon (I think) that maybe they do and probably they
do but the end result is inferior to outside genetic material. However that
discussion was only conjecture and hearsay even though scientist were quoted
as having an opinion. The problem with that is even science is suspect now
that the ideologues have infiltrated every aspect of government and private
endeavor and as more evidence is made public it has become quite insidious.

I do believe in observation born of experience that is repeatable and
reliable say if one had a truly isolated hive that eventually collapsed
because of malformed and continual growth of an inferior population but I
don't think this question has been considered for serious study because it
has not been considered a problem before. If say the disappearance of feral
hives of bees because of mites or GM crops is having an effect on the
quality of hives being managed that question is not going to be answered.

In our world something or someone else is always to blame not whatever it
really is.

If I were a moderator I would relegate this thread to the status of 'dead
horse" and forget about it.

--
ᛍᚴ

Fascism up to 1939:

Transcribed from The Columbia Encyclopedia 1940 edition. Compiled and edited
at Columbia University, Clarke F. Ansley editor in chief, MCMXLI.

[făsh'Ĭz-m] [from Ital. fascio. plural fasci,=bundle, union; undoubtedly
influenced by Fasces the ancient Roman symbol of the power of the state over
life and limb. The fasces were cylindrical bundles of wooden rods tied
tightly together. In the bundle there was usually an axe with the edge
pointing outward. A good representation of the fasces may be seen on the
reverse of an American dime, on which it represents union or the power of
the state. The fasces were borne by guards called lictors before praetors,
consuls, dictators, and emperors. The number of lictors was governed by the
rank of the magistrate.

Fascism took the form of a national political, economic, social, and
cultural organization typified in Italy under the dictatorship of Benito
Mussolini. Fascism has much in common with the Russian type of communism.
Both elevate the state as paramount and extend state control into all social
expression; both discard parliamentary rule and yet retain remnants of a
representative system; both decry "liberal" doctrines; both advocate the
rule of a single party in an authoritarian state, with a firm suppression of
its opponents.

From the birth of fascism, one of the few set items of its program has been
irreconcilable opposition to communism and socialism. Fascism is essentially
and fundamentally nationalist; communism is at least in theory
international. Fascism, as it has developed, has become a bulwark of
capitalism, regulated and chastened, but still capitalism, and the classes
of society have have been maintained; communism seeks the supremacy of the
proletariat and the destruction of classes. Fascism has, in general, placed
an emphasis on the spiritual, and, to some extent, the religious, aspect of
life, while communism is thoroughly economic and militantly opposed to religion.

In Italy the fascist movement arose in 1919 with Mussolini's formation of
the first of the Fasci di Combattimento, groups of men prepared to fight for
the "awakening" of Italy. The motives that brought men into the groups were
ultimately grounded in reaction to the discontent and depression following
the World War. Italy had been disappointed in the peace treaties. The war
had deranged the economic system, and conditions grew steadily worse. The
foreign policy of the government was ineffectual, and parliamentary rule
seemed impotent in the face of complex problems. The evils of the day were
laid by the Fascist at the door of the radicals, the "Reds."

The unity and "dynamic" purpose of the Fascist created both centrifugal and
centripetal forces that work quite apart from logic; men were swept into the
movement by enthusiasm; warfare with the radicals increased. With the march
on Rome [1922] and the establishment of a Fascist dictatorship, the cause
triumphed. The full program, today considered the Fascist program, was then
formulated on a groundwork largely adopted by opportunism¹. The syndicalist²
element was strong and socialism was abhorred. Private property was to be
respected, but state control of industry was to be practically unlimited.
The "corporative state" was the result. No class struggle between labor and
capital is tolerated in it; instead, industry is organized into both
vertical [employer with all classes of employees according to industries]
and horizontal [laborer with laborer, as in a trade union] combinations,
thus achieving a complete regimentation under the watchful eye of the state.

The organization is strictly hierarchic, just as the Fascist party is, and
the threads of influence are gathered into the same hands that hold the
reins of state: industry and the state are, in a sense, one. This ideal
arrangement has not been completely achieved in Italy, but order and direct
action were introduced, and the system, imperfect though it might be, was
begun. Education was reorganized according to Gentile's³ proposed reforms
with the emphasis shifted from positivistic⁴ to spiritual culture. Because
most of the people of Italy belong to the Catholic faith, Catholic religious
instruction is also incorporated into the course of study [though not forced
on non-Catholics]. Always the state an almost mystical conception, the
super-body made up of all the Italians of the past as well as the present,
with a glorious mission to fulfill in the future-is the prime factor in the
system.

This emphasis on the past and the inculcation of vaguely ethnological
arguments have combined with the antipathies of the movement to give fascism
the conservative aspect that is only incidental to it. Reactionary⁵
sentiment, strong nationalistic feeling, an authoritarian and "totalitarian"
state moving by non-parliamentary means, a strong and somewhat military
party, a dictatorship, and the regimentation of capital and labor under the
aegis of the state-all these are characteristics of the fascist movements
that sprang up all over Europe and in South America, China, and other parts
of the world.

The defeatism arising from the war, the impasse reached in most
parliamentary governments. and the worldwide economic depression have all
helped to produce in other countries effects like those in Italy. Youth
movements spread like wildfire; young men, seeking the revitalization of
nations and the clearance of old scores, have banded together in fascist
groups. Fascism, being highly nationalistic, has variant characteristics, In
Germany, where the fascistic National Socialists [the Nazis] rose to control
under Adolf Hitler in 1933, the movement has a strong tinge of the racial or
pseudo-racial feeling. In Austria, von Starhemberg's Heimwehr appeared early
and the activities of the German National Socialist brought two fascist
groups more or less into conflict. Early in 1934 a "totalitarian" state was
set up under Dollfuss. The National Socialists have also appeared in Danzig
and have sought footholds in Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and even farther east.
The Gömbös government in Hungary has fascistic aspects. A large group of
Polish fascist were brought to support Pilsudski after he had made an
earlier attempt to suppress their organization. An active group of Finnish
National Patriots originated as a fascist organization. In Spain a fascist
group gathered and became increasingly active after the revolution of 1931
with the younger Primo de Rivera at their head. In England a band of
negligible political importance gathered about Sir Oswald Mosley. In
Romania, the Iron Guard, a strong anti-Semitic and fascist party, became
increasingly important. In Portugal, the syndicalist aspect of fascism was
the central point in founding a party. Sweden, Czechoslovakia, Switzerland,
and Bulgaria have also witnessed the rise of fascism. More and more over the
world the great struggle has been between the "reactionary" and "radical"
forces of fascism and communism.

Suggested reading: "Capital and Labor under Fascism" Carmen Haider (1930)
"The Corporative State" A. Pennachio (1927) "The Pragmatic Revolt in
Politics" W.Y. Elliott (1928) "Bolshevism, Fascism and Capitalism" George S.
Counts, Luigi Villari, M.C. Rorty, and Newton D. Baker (1932) "A new
Economic Order" ed: Kirby Page (1930)

¹Opportunism:the policy or practice, as in politics, business, or one's
personal affairs, of adapting actions, decisions, etc., to expediency or
effectiveness regardless of the sacrifice of ethical principles.

²Syndicalism: a form or development of trade unionism, originating in
France, that aims at the possession of the means of production and
distribution, and ultimately at the control of society, by federated bodies
of industrial workers, and that seeks to realize its purposes through
general strikes, terrorism, sabotage, etc.

³Giovanni Gentile Italian philosopher born May 30, 1875, Castelvetrano,
Italy died April 15, 1944, Florence. He was a major figure in Italian
idealist philosophy, politician, educator, and editor, sometimes called the
“philosopher of Fascism.”

His “actual idealism” shows the strong influence of G.W.F. Hegel. Gentile in
1917 became professor of the history of philosophy at the University of Rome
where he wrote "La filosofia di Marx" (The Philosophy of Marx) a Hegelian
examination of Karl Marx’s philosophy.

After the fall of Benito Mussolini in 1943, Gentile supported the Fascist
Social Republic established by the Germans at Salò and was made the
president of the Academy of Italy, in which post he served until his death
at the hands of anti-Fascist communists.

⁴Positivism: a philosophical system founded by Auguste Comte, concerned with
positive facts and phenomena, and excluding speculation upon ultimate causes
or origins.

⁵Reactionary: pertaining to, marked by, or favoring reaction, esp. extreme
conservatism or rightism in politics; opposing political or social change.






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