Hahnemann's Work On Chronic Diseases
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- Date: Fri, 1 Feb 2008 15:15:14 -0800 (PST)
Hering's Preface to the Chronic Diseases (1845)
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(c) David Little, H.O.E. 1996-2007, all rights reserved.
Dr. Hering's Preface to the 1845 American Edition
of The Chronic Diseases, Translated by Dr. Hempel
(The following article has been kindly furnished by Dr. Hering of
Philadelphia, In German. The Editor is responsible for the
translation.)
"Hahnemann's work on chronic diseases may be considered a continuation
of his organon; the medicines which will follow the present volume may
therefore be considered a continuation of his Materia Medica Pura. As
the principles and rules of general therapeutics have been developed
in the organon, so does Hahnemann develop, in the present treatise,
the principles and rules which ought to prevail in the treatment of
chronic diseases, whose name is "legion." In the Materia Medica Pura
Hahnemann describes to us the symptoms which the general remedies that
he tried upon healthy persons, are capable of producing; the present
treatise, on the contrary, will be succeeded by an account of those
remedies, which Hahnemann specially employed in the treatment of
chronic diseases, which he therefore called "anti-psorics". In the
Organon Hahnemann tries to establish the fat that the principles
"Similia Similibus Curentur" is the supreme rule is to be followed in
the treatment of diseases; whereas in his treatise on chronic
diseases, which is based upon the organon and does not, in the least,
modify or alter its teachings, Hahnemann shows that most chronic
diseases, originating in a common source and being "related amongst
each other, a special class of remedies designated by Hahnemann as
anti-psorics," should be used in the treatment of those diseases. This
common source of most chronic diseases, according to Hahnemann is
Psora."
Comments: The Organon and The Chronic Diseases are companion volumes
which offer a complete view of the Homoeopathic healing art. The
Organon establishes the supremacy of the law of similars, Similia
Similibus Curentur and emphasis the maxim "if the symptoms are removed
- the cause is removed". The Chronic Diseases emphasizes the use of
anti-miasmatic remedies and the maxim Cessante Causa, Cessant Effectus
- If the cause ceases the effects cease. In the Organon Hahnemann
stresses the signs and symptoms while in The Chronic Diseases the
Founder highlights the aetiological constellation and causation. In
this way, these companion volumes are complementary opposites that
form the functional polarity of homoeo-therapeutics.
In the 1st through 4th edition of the Organon the Founder taught that
the cause of most diseases was usually a mystery that lay beyond the
observations of the healing artist. He also thought it was very
difficult to understand the inner working of disease process in any
reliable manner. This he made clear in aphorism five of the 4th
Organon.
"It may be conceded that every disease is dependant on an alteration
in the interior of the human organism. But this alteration is only be
guessed at by the understanding in a dim and illusory manner from what
the morbid symptoms reveal concerning it (and there are no other data
for it in non-surgical diseases); but the exact nature of this inner
invisible alteration cannot be ascertained in any reliable manner."
Organon of Medicine, 5th & 6th Edition, Hahnemann, Dudgeon & Boericke
Editions, Appendix, 4th Organon, Aphorism 5, page 183.
In his early years Hahnemann taught that principles of similia and
individualization were sufficient to treat all cases of disease. At
this time, Homoeopathy was the simple matching of the symptoms of the
patient to the symptoms found in the materia medica. This central
doctrine was introduced to rebut the obsession of the orthodox school
with removing their one-sided version of the "total cause", which was
usually related to a disease material somewhere in the body. In its
place the early Organon taught the importance of removing the totality
of the symptoms of each individual case. It was Hahnemann's failure to
permanently cure chronic disease that caused him to reassess his
clinical approach. This led to an eleven year study of chronic disease
that produced a fundamental change in his views of etiological factors
as well as the how he view the signs and symptoms. As early as The
Medicine of Experience (1805) he discussed the need to study causation
but he did not see the bigger picture until the 1830s.
The 5th edition of the Organon presents a radical change in
Hahnemann's views of causation and the process of pathology. This is
most obvious in the changes he made to aphorism 5 of in 1833. This
paragraph includes the ramifications of his prolonged study of
causation, constitution, character, disposition, susceptibility,
miasms, and collective disease states.
"Useful to the physician in assisting him to cure are the particulars
of the most probable exciting cause of the acute disease, as also the
most significant points in the complete history of the chronic
disease, to enable him to discover its fundamental cause, which is
generally due to a chronic miasm. In these investigations, the
ascertainable physical constitution of the patient (especially when
the disease is chronic), his moral and intellectual character, his
occupation, mode of living and habits, his social and domestic
relations, his age, sexual function, etc., are to be taken into
consideration."
Organon of Medicine, 5th & 6th Edition, Hahnemann, Dudgeon & Boericke
Editions, 5th Organon, Aphorism 5.
This aphorism contains many of the breakthroughs first published in
The Chronic Diseases in a nutshell. In the 4th Organon causation, and
the pathological process of disease, were something that lay outside
human observation. In the 5th Organon it was necessary for the
homOEopath to understand the exciting causes of acute diseases as well
as the complete history of a chronic illness to ascertain its
fundamental cause, which is often due to the miasms. Hahnemann now
classified his remedies into two great categories, the apsoric and
anti-psoric medicines.
The anti-psoric remedies are those medicines which have the potential
to remove the entire syndrome of the psoric miasm because they are
similar to its entire disease process in its human sufferers. In order
to remove all the symptoms of a chronic disease it is necessary to
remove its cause. If only one aspect or another of the underlying
disease state is treated the illness will either be suppressed or
palliated. When the leaves and branches of a weed are cut without
removing the root the weed only grows again. In the same way, if the
root of the miasm is not removed the symptoms will surely return.
Dr. Hering's preface continues:
"The shallow opponents of Homoeopathic (and we never had any other!)
pounced upon the theory of the psoric miasm with a view of attacking
it with their hollow and unmeaning sarcasms. Making Psora to be
identical with itch, they sneeringly pretended that according to
Hahnemann's doctrines the itch was the primitive evil, and that this
doctrine was akin to the doctrine of the original sin recognized by
the Christian Faith*."
[This statement of Hering's is accompanied by a note from the editor,
Dr. Hempel.]
*Note of the Editor: "I beg pardon of my distinguished and learned
friend for annexing a few remarks to this passage. In doing so I
merely anticipate what I intend to express more fully on this subject
some other occasion."
"As it would be absurd for a philosophical Christian to reject the
doctrine of original sin, so it is absurd for any one who professes to
have a clear perception of Homoeopathy, to reject the doctrine of an
hereditary morbific miasm. Both these doctrines must stand and fall
together; and, as truth is one and indivisible, they both hold and
illustrate each other. If we admit with Rousseau that every thing
which leaves the hand of God, is perfectly holy, then the first
created man must have been perfectly pure, and must have appeared in
the image and likeness of his maker. It seems to me absurd to suppose
that something perfectly pure can, of itself, by its own free and
orderly development, produce things impure and evil. We do not know
how far God permitted an adaptation to evil to co-exist in the first
man together with an adaptation of goodness. But this we certainly
know that evil fruits must be the results of evil forces. In a certain
moment man, or God through man, permitted the adaptation to evil to
prevail in his nature; and instaneously the forces of evil, be they
called the serpent, devil, or otherwise, invaded man's nature,
engrafted themselves upon it, and have, up to this moment, perpetuated
their existence in it. This is relatively speaking, a fall, although,
this fall, having been the first necessary phases of human
development, it may, in reality, be considered a progress. Man's
destiny consists in reuniting himself again with the Divine Life
through the universal expansion of all the facilities of his soul, and
the realization of all the celestial harmonics in the germ of which
God had depositi8ed in his nature, and towards the construction of
which science and art will furnish him the means. The principle of
division or dissolution which man had suffered to be introduced into
his spiritual nature, must necessarily have embodied itself in the
corresponding principle in the material organism. It is this principle
which Hahnemann calls Psora. In proportion as man's spiritual nature
becomes developed and purified, this psoric miasms will be diminished,
and will finally be completely removed form the life of humanity. This
complete physical regeneration of human nature will necessarily be
attended with great changes in all the external relations of man,
education, mode of laboring, living, etc., etc.
The principle of division or dissolution existing in the human
organism as an established and constituted fact, does not preclude the
possibility of this organism being invaded by acute miasms. The psoric
principle marks the general adaptation to evil, recognized and
inherently received by the human organism by the forces of evil which
I have named subversive forces in my preface. Those sudden invasions
could never have taken place without man having first admitted the
psoric principle to be constitutional in his organism."
Comments: The above note by Hempel contains a number of interesting
statements that related directly to the development of Homoeopathy and
the teachings of later masters. First of all, it points to the Deist
teachings of Rousseau, the great French philosopher of the 18th
century. Samuel Hahnemann was taught the works of Rousseau by his
father from his youth and Deism continued have a great influence on
the Founder throughout his entire life. This is confirmed in
Hahnemann's private letters, and the Deist teachings found in his
written works. Rousseau pointed out that far from human beings being
essential "evil"; they were based on a perfection that proceeds from
the Godhead. This perfection is a reflection of those who were made in
the image of the loving Creator. For this reason, there was a time
when human beings lived in accordance with God's laws and experience a
life of harmony. This period is symbolized by the archetypal Garden of
Eden and the early part of the story of Adam and Eve.
What led to the fall of humanity and how did disease enter the human
organism? Free will is a gift instilled in human beings that allows
them to act as independent creatures for better or worse. The actions
of human beings have a direct relationship with the condition of their
internal and external environment. The fall, however, is a natural
part of the evolution of human beings so that they eventually use
their own free will to seek to reunite themselves with God and live in
tune with the laws of nature. Right thinking, proper diet and a
balanced life style are conditions that perpetuate a harmonious state
of health while wrong thinking, bad food and unhealthy habits lead to
a fall into the state of illness.
Such ideas bring one automatically to the subject of the
susceptibility to disease as part of the aetiological constellation of
the illness itself. In The Chronic Diseases Mental and emotional
stress, improper diet, unhygienic practices, and poor living and
working conditions are situations that potentiate the susceptibility
to psora, as well as ignite the flare up of latent psora in those who
are relatively healthy. Hahnemann also noted that psora can be a
heredity disease and effect the vary make up of the human constitution
and its susceptibility to disease in general. The condition of the
congenital constitution and acquired miasms also forms the basis for a
person's susceptibility to acute illness and miasms.
James Tyler Kent's Lectures on Homoeopathic Philosophy echoed a
similar vision of the origin and the fall of humanity and its
relationship to chronic diseases. Boenninghausen taught that innate
predispositions were the proximate cause and that the fundamental
cause was psora. Although the psora stems from prior infection, its
ramifications go back to the ancient of human days, and have affected
the constitution of the entire human race.
"Psora is the underlying cause, and is the primitive or primary
disorder of the human race. It is a disordered state of the internal
economy of the human race. This state expresses itself in the forms of
the varying chronic diseases, or chronic manifestations. If the human
race had remained in a state of perfect order, psora could not have
existed."
Lectures on HomOEopathic Philosophy, James Kent, Chronic Diseases,
Psora, page 146.
James Kent did not teach that psora was the original sin. This term
originated in Hering and Hempel's debate with the critics of the psora
hypothesis. He was careful to point out that the fall from the state
of perfection was the proximate cause that produced the susceptibility
to psora and the other miasms. About the deeper aspects of the genesis
of disease James said:
"It is altogether too extensive, for it goes to the very primitive
wrong of the human race, the very first sickness of the human race,
that is the spiritual sickness, from which first state the race
progressed into what may be called the true susceptibility to psora
which in turn laid the foundation for other diseases."
Lectures on HomOEopathic Philosophy, James Kent, Chronic Diseases,
Psora, page 146.
The fall of humanity from perfection is based on an ethical decline
but hitting the external ground is psora, the mother of all miasms.
From this tainted soil springs the predispositions to all the otherchronic miasms. From this time the "sins of the fathers have been
passed on to the sons through the generations". James Kent preserved
many older teachings and passed them on to a new generation in the
late 19th century before they were lost. This includes Hempel's
discussion of Rousseau's teachings and the origin of disease, the
doctrine of heredity and the miasms, and Hering's laws. Although
Hahnemann stressed the fact that psora was based on prior infection he
did acknowledge that this miasm could be inherited as well as
acquired.
Hahnemann elucidated the moral causes and physical causes of disease
in the first paragraph of the Introduction of the Organon.
"As long as humanity has existed, people have been exposed,
individually or collectively, to illnesses from physical or moral
causes. In the raw state of nature few means of aid were needed, since
the simple way of life admitted but few diseases. With civilization,
however, the occasions for falling ill, and the need for help against
diseases grew in equal measure."
Organon of the Medical Art, Hahnemann, O'Reilly 6th Edition,
Introduction, page 8.
As long as human beings have walked this planet they have suffered
individually and collectively from disorders produced by physical and/
or ethical causes. The Founder acknowledged the ethical, moral and
spiritual aspects of the human decline and emphasized the universal
vision of the original Deists. The sufferings of a individual human
organism is based on a unique aetiological constellation while the
suffering of homogeneous groups are caused by diseases of common
origin and similar symptoms. Hahnemann developed an advanced
aetiological doctrine that included both individual and collective
causes of physical and mental character.
Psora and the other chronic miasms are universal disorders of a
collective nature that were originally spread by infection, but they
have now ingrained themselves so deeply on the human condition over
millennia that they now affect the make up of all humanity. The
pathogenic effects of natural disease have been compounded by the
strain produced on the human organism by improper medical treatment
and the stress of modern civilization, rapid urbanization,
overpopulation, environmental degradation and the breakdown of the
family and loss of natural ethos. Although Hahnemann did speak of
going back to "Eden", his approach to the psoric miasm was grounded in
the realties of our present human condition. The simple natural life
associated with the archetype of Eden is a paradise lost to a modern
world of high stress, moral degradation, weapons of mass destruction
and environmental calamity.
Dr. Hering's preface continues:
"With the same impudence with which they had, on former occasions,
asserted, that Hahnemann rejects all pathology in his organon, they
now asserted that he himself advanced a pathological hypothesis, and
that the true which it contained was not new, nor the new true.
Equitable judges will not fail to recognize in this treatise on
chronic diseases the same carefulness of study and observation which
the great author of Homoeopathy has shown in all his other writings.
Hahnemann had no other object in view except to cure. All the energies
of his great should were directed to this one end. His object was not
to overthrow pathology, although the pathology of his time has been
set aside as a heap of foolish speculations, and has been replaced by
other systems, that may perhaps suffer the same fate in fifty years;
he merely contended against the foolish and presumptuous application
of pathological hypotheses to the treatment of disease. He rejected
and overthrew the foolish belief which had been driven like a rusty
nail, into the minds of the Profession and, by their instrumentality,
into the minds of the people, that the remedies should be given
against a name, against an imaginary disease, and that the name of
this imaginary disease indicated the remedy. Up to this day physicians
have been engaged in accrediting that superstition. Whence should
otherwise spring the desire which so many patients manifest, of
inquiring into the name of the disease, as if a knowledge of that name
were sufficient to discover the true remedy against the disease. Many
patients are disconsolate when the doctor cannot tell them what is the
matter with them. Do we gain anything by being able to say that the
disease is rheumatism, dyspepsia, liver-complaint? Does it avail the
patient any to be able to repeat his doctor's Ipse dixit "that he is
bilious, nervous, etc.?" Do these words mean any thing definite? Are
there yet physicians foolish enough to believe that their speculative
explanations mean any thing? Des not every body acknowledge that they
are mere igines fatui flitting to and fro upon the quagmire of the old
decayed systems of pathology."
Comments: Constantine Hering rightly points out that Hahnemann did not
refute the science of pathology but rejected the orthodox version of
the study of disease which is based on various one-sided names such as
dyspepsia, lumbago and neuritis. Although the physician must have a
method to communicate with his patients who are in need of a
diagnosis, Hahnemann suggested in the Organon they these conditions be
described as "a kind" of dyspepsia or neuritis. What kind? That can
only be ascertained by a study of the causes, signs, befallments and
symptoms. One patient may be a Nux vomica kind and another Anacardium
kind. Hahnemann jettisoned the unreasonable parts of orthodox
pathology and replaced it with the homoeopathic pathology found in the
Organon, The Chronic Diseases and those articles found in his Lesser
Writings. Although today's pathology has advanced greatly over the
pathology of Hahnemann's as well as Hering's days, the reductionist
view of disease has predominately remained the same. This mechanistic
view of a human being focuses on the individual parts while it fails
to understand the whole. It offers meaningless titles like "gastritis"
which describes the inflammation of a part but says nothing of its
causes and signs and symptoms, let only the concomitant mental and
physical states that always accompany such a complaint. The treatment
of such an "itis" is still the use of drugs that produce an opposite
affect in the local area which merely suppresses the local symptoms
and do not remove the cause. Misguided by Galen, who lived thousands
of years ago, they still believe opposites cure opposites. All of this
ancient confusion is carried out in the name of "modern science".
Homoeopathy may be tailored to suit a wide variety of clinical
conditions including those diseases which a cause can be deduced as
well as those diseases that are idiopathic. For this and other
reasons, Homoeopathy may truly be called De Medicina Futura.
Dr. Hering's preface continues:
"Hahnemann teaches that the remedies should be chosen according to the
symptoms of the patient. The physician should be governed by what is
certain and safe, not by that which is more or less uncertain and
unsafe, and which is changed according to fashion. Both in the organon
and his treatise on the chronic disease, Hahnemann insists upon the
remedies being chosen in accordance with the symptoms.
It is not an easy matter to choose a remedy according to symptoms.
This may be inferred from the manner in which tyros in homoeopathy and
physicians of the old school, who come over to us, go to work. They
constantly rely upon names, giving a certain remedy in scarlet fever,
because some one else had found it useful; or a certain remedy in
pulmonary inflammation, because it had been successfully exhibited
upon a former occasion; whereas Hahnemann teaches that, because a
remedy has help before, this is no reason why it should help again in
a similar disease. The symptoms and not the name are to point out the
remedy. This is also the case in chronic diseases. In the treatment of
chronic diseases Hahnemann has been taught by experience to give
preference to the anti-psoric remedies. This preference is not
theoretical, and is constantly subordinate to the general principle."
Comments: There are those who come to homoeopathy without
understanding the cardinal principles that make Homoeopathy a safe and
effective medicinal system. These cardinal principles are based on the
maxims; individualization, similars cure similars, the single remedy,
potentized medicine and the minimal dose. When one or more of these
basic principles is ignored Homoeopathy becomes progressively more
dangerous. Many individuals are professing "new and improved" systems
of so-called Homoeopathy that have more similarity with allopathy than
Hahnemann's gentle healing art. The selection of remedies by one-sided
causations, the names of disease and pathological conditions, as well
as the use of mixtures is not uncommon. More subtle than this is the
habit of prescribing medicines which one is familiar with or have work
in the past rather than truly individualizing each and every case by
the objective signs and subjective symptoms. It may not always be easy
to select a remedy according to symptoms similarity, but it is the
most effective method under most circumstances.
The Period Table, the Antipsoric Remedies,
and Hering's Laws
In part one of Doctor Hering's, Preface to the 1845 American edition
of The Chronic Diseases, subjects related to the anti-psoric remedies
and the general practice of Homoeopathy were introduced. In this
section, Dr. Hempel offered an inspirational interpretation of
Hahnemann's Psora doctrine in light of the teaching of Rousseau, one
of the original Deist philosophers. Hahnemann was brought up on the
teachings of Rousseau and was a confirmed Deist and Mason. The
teachings of these philosophical systems had a strong influence on
Samuel and form the basis of some of the views found in his medical
writings. His affinity for these teachings is even more apparent in
his private letters and records of his discussions with this friends,
patients and colleagues. His religious, philosophical and medical
views were predominately practical in the nature and based his on
empirical observations rather than pure speculation or faith. For this
reason, the Founder was careful not to let his metaphysical views get
in the way of his scientific writings although he often refers to the
role of Providence in the development of Homoeopathy. Hering also had
a strong interest in the teachings of the Deist philosophers and the
writings of Swedenborg. He also had the largest library of books
written by Paracelsus in the Americas. In this commentary Hempel first
proposes several ideas that we later witness in Kent's Lectures on
Homoeopathy. It was Kent who is responsible for passing on the idea
presented in the Hering's Preface to succeeding generations of
homoeopaths. This includes what is now called "Hering's laws".
In the second part of our review we begin with Constantine Hering's
discussion of the importance of the elements and minerals in the
treatment of Psora and most universal diseases. This is followed by
Hering's original rendition of the order of cure, a stirring call for
homeopaths to work for the improvement of our art, and a final eulogy
offered to Samuel Hahnemann.
Dr. Hering's preface states:
"Hahnemann has never said that the principle constituents of
mountains, which are the most important materials in nature the metals
for instance are the most important remedies for the cure of the most
universal diseases. However, he has pointed out the oxydes or salts of
ammonium, potassium, sodium, calcium, aluminium, magnesium, as the
most important anti-psoric remedies. Hahnemann has said nowhere that
the most important metalloids constitute the most important remedial
agents although he has introduced sulphur, phosphorus, silicea,
chlorine and iodine, in one form or another, as anti-psoric remedies.
In selecting a remedy Hahnemann has never been guided by theories, but
always by experience. He chose his remedies agreeably to the symptoms
which they had produced upon healthy persons, looking at the same time
their remedial virtues having been tested by practice. This is the
reason why general views which have been expressed just now did not
prevent him from admitting as chief anti-psorics borax and ammonium
carbonicum, anacardium and clematis."
Comments: In the above paragraph Doctor Hering points out a most
interesting fact most of Hahnemann's anti-psoric remedies come from
the mineral kingdom and are based on the elements of the period table.
This is not to say, however, the minerals can not be used in acute
diseases and that plants are not effective in chronic conditions. The
mineral constituents are the building blocks of the human body and
form the basis of our physical structure. There elements may literally
be call the "salts of life". It is not surprising that they play a
central, although not exclusive role in the treatment of chronic
diseases. Hahnemann, however, was not completely unaware of the
essential role play by the minerals in the treatment of the chronic
miasms. Hahnemann wrote:
"As a rule it was developed from their pure symptoms that most of the
earths, alkalis and acids, as well as the neutral salts composed of
them, together with several of the metals, cannot be dispensed with in
curing the almost innumerable symptoms of Psora. The similarity in
nature of the leading antipsoric, sulphur, to phosphorus and other
combustible substances from the vegetable and mineral kingdoms led to
the use of the latter, and some animal substances naturally followed
them by analogy, in agreement with experience."
The Chronic Diseases Their Peculiar Nature and Their Homoeopathic
Cure, Hahnemann, The Medicines, page 244.
Hahnemann was the first to study the similarity of the minerals to
miasmic states as well as the complementary relationships of the
remedies of the three kingdoms. The Founder taught the importance of
"analogy in accordance with experience" in the study of the
relationships of the remedies of the three worlds. When homoeopaths
work in this manner they often uncover homogeneous relationships
between individual medicines and remedy families found in the materia
medica.
In 1828 Hahnemann published the theory of chronic miasms and a materia
medica of anti-miasmatic remedies. The Materia Medica Pura contained
67 remedies of which only 16 are minerals, 47 are plants, and 4 are
animal remedies. Of the 48 anti miasmic remedies in The Chronic
Diseases, 32 are minerals, 13 are plants, and 3 are animal remedies.
Of 28 new remedies introduced by Hahnemann between the years 1828-1839
there are 23 minerals and 5 plants. This is because the mineral
remedies are at the core of the treatment of inherited and acquired
chronic miasms. Hahnemann introduced the study of the three kingdoms
(mineral, plant and animal) to the homOEopathic materia medica. This
has become an important aspect of contemporary Homoeopathy.
Dr. Hering's preface continues:
"Why, it may be asked, has a great number of homoeopathic physicians,
neither recognized Hahnemann's theory of psora nor the specific
character of the anti-psora remedies? Why have some even gone so far
as to set the theory sneeringly aside, and to decry the anti-psoric as
less trustworthy then the other remedies?
For the same reasons that the astronomical discoveries of our Herschel
are doubted by people who have no faith in the discoverer, and are not
able to verify his discoveries. To do this, knowledge, instruments,
talent, care, perseverance, opportunities, and many other things are
required. Not one of all these things can be found with those who are
mere dabblers in practice, scribbling authors opposing their own
opinions and imaginations to facts and observation.
Or, for the same reason that Ehrenberg's discoveries cannot be
appreciated by those who have either no microscope, or who have one
which is not good, or who have a microscope without understanding the
difficult art of using it; or else who know how to use it, but do not
use it with the same exactness or carefulness as Ehrenberg, who
discovered in the chalk dust of visiting cards the shells of new
species of animals, simply making the cards transparent by means of
the oil of turpentine.
Or lastly, for the simple reason that physicians find it more easy to
write something for print, then to observe nature; that it is more
easy to impose upon people than to cure the sick, and because the
greater number of physicians is affected with the delusion that things
which they do not see, do not exist.
If such physicians succeed in effecting a cure, they are at once ready
to boast of their exploits, whereas the cure the cure was due to
Hahnemann's doctrine, to the remedies which he has discovered, to the
research of other physicians, to their instructions or examples, or to
so-called chance. But if they do not succeed they impute their failure
to anything but themselves: It is homoeopathy that is deficient; this
or that rule is not correct; the materia medica is at fault; or, if
something in Hahnemann's system does not suit them, they are prone to
say that they have never seen this or that, that they cannot agree
with it. And in talking in this way, they really imagine to have said
something against the matter itself."
Comments: It has been said that there is nothing new under the sun.
One can see that even during Hering's time there were those who wished
to personally take credit for any and all successes in healing and
blame Homoeopathy and Hahnemann for any failures. It is much easier
for some to criticize the Founder and his system for their failures
than to accept one's own lack of understanding in the application of
Homoeopathy in the clinic. The path of the true homoeopath, however,
is one of examining of one's personal failures and the constant
reassessment of one's practice. This process begins on day one of
one's clinical practice and is a never ending story. Such a path is
for the brave who realize that the healing arts are a service in which
one can never be complacent. Those that feel they need to be in 100%
perfect control will find little comfort in the practice of clinical
medicine. Every patient is born, every patient gets ill, every patient
gets old, and every patient dies. It is only a question of who dies
first the patient or the homoeopath!
Dr. Hering's preface continues:
"Upon the same ground that Hahnemann carefully distinguished from the
disease the symptoms which owed their existence to dietetic
transgressions, or to medicinal aggravations; upon the same grounds
that he acknowledged as standing and independent diseases the acute
miasms, known as purpura, measles, scarlatina, small pox, hoping
cough, etc, or that he distinguished the venereal miasm into syphilis
and sycosis, We may afterwards, if experience should demand it,
subdivide psora into several species and varieties. This is no
objection to Hahnemann's theory. Hahnemann has taken the first great
step without denying the faculty of progressive development inherent
in his system. But let improvements be made in such a way as to become
useful not prejudicial, to the patients. We ought to raise our
superstructure upon Hahnemann's own ground, in the direction which he
has first imparted to his doctrine."
Comments: Hahnemann taught the importance of symptomatology but he
also emphasized the importance of the aetiological constellation and
the classification of diseases into different categories. This
includes singular states that find their origin trauma, diet and
hygiene, psychology and somatic derangements, as well as the acute and
chronic miasms which are of a collective nature. Hering also points
out that clinical realties may demand that psora be subdivided into
several varieties such as bacteria, fungi, viruses and mites. There
has also been a need to include new miasms such as hepatitis and AIDS.
Hahnemann was the beginning of Homoeopathy not the end. In order for
the Founder's healing art to reach its full potential every generation
of practitioners must expand the body of general knowledge. At the
same time, the evolution of our healing art must be based on the
primary principles that make Homoeopathy a safe and effective system.
The suppositions that fulfill this requirement is already in place and
what is needed is to carry these principles to new heights. Too many
individuals have decided that they can overthrow the timeless laws of
nature that Hahnemann perceived and replace them their own prejudices
based on transient fancies. This leads one down the slippery slope of
old mechanistic concepts in new age packages that are little more than
old wine in new bottles.
Dr. Hering's preface continues:
"Every homoeopathic physician must have observed that the improvement
in pain takes place from above downward; and in disease, from within
outward. This is the reason why chronic diseases, if they are
thoroughly cured, always terminate in some cutaneous eruption, which
differs according to the different constitutions of the patients. This
cutaneous eruption may be even perceived when a cure is impossible,
and even when the remedies have been improperly chosen. The skin being
the outermost surface of the body, it receives upon itself the extreme
termination of the disease. This cutaneous eruption is not a mere
morbid secretion having been chemically separated from the internal
organism in the form of gas, a liquid or solid; it is the whole of the
morbid action which is pressed from within to outward, and is
characteristic of a thorough and rally curative treatment. The morbid
action of the internal organism may continue either entirely or more
or less in spite of this cutaneous eruption. Nevertheless, this
eruption always is a favorable symptom; it alleviates the sufferings
of the patient, and generally prevents a more dangerous affection.
The thorough cure of a widely ramified chronic disease in the organism
is indicated by the most important organs being first relieved; the
affection passes off in the order in which the organs had been
affected, the more important being relieved first, the less important
next, and the skin last.
Even the superficial observer will not fail in recognizing this law of
order. An improvement which takes place in a different order can never
be relied on. A fit of hysteria may terminate in a flow of urine;
other fits may either terminate in the same way, or in hemorrhage; the
next succeeding fit shows how little the affection had been cured. The
disease may take a different turn, it may change its form, and, in
this new form it may be less troublesome; but the general state of the
organism will suffer in consequence of this transformation.
Hence it is that Hahnemann inculcates with so much care the important
rule to attend to the moral symptoms, and to judge the of the degree
of homoeopathic adaption, existing between the remedy and the disease,
by the improvement which takes place in the moral condition, and in
the general well-being of the patient."
Comments: Constantine Hering now takes up the basis of what James Kent
called "Hering's laws". Kent is the person most responsible for
bringing the attention of the homoeopathic community to the importance
of these healing maxims. Hering's postulates are based on observations
that Samuel Hahnemann elucidated in the Organon and The Chronic
Diseases. When speaking of the removal of pain, Doctor Hering speaks
in terms of the relief taking place from above to below. Although the
pain is felt in the areas under stress, the highest center in the
human body for experiencing pain is in the brain. If the brain can not
register the pain reflex, no pain will be felt, although the part may
be damaged. The image of the entire body resides within the brain as
it registers all functions in a holographic manner. Do homeopathic
remedies work first on the pain in the higher regions and then spread
this relief downward through the organism? Although this maxim has not
as readily confirmed as some of the others factors, ample
confirmations of this phenomenon have taken place in the clinic. Many
times the painful symptoms are relieved from the head toward the lower
body and extremities. Sometimes it appears as if a wave of healing
energy is passing through the organism from the crown to the feet.
When Hering refers to the removal disease states, he speaks in terms
of the cure taking place from within to without. The natural movement
of the vital force is from within to without because the life force is
a central aspect of the human essence (Wesen). Disease is not
intrinsic to the life force, whose primary role is the maintenance of
homeostasis. Sickness is a superficial impingement by a negative force
upon the Lebenskraft, the inner power of natural life. Homeopathic
remedies cure by replacing the disease with a similar but more
powerful transient medicinal disease (primary action). The life force
then attempts to assert its authority by extinguishing this external
impingement from without while reinstating homeostasis and vitality
within (curative secondary action). The natural movement from within
to without is innate to the natural healing process because it is
innate to the lifeforce and human organism.
In the case of psora, a healing process often ends with the appearance
of an eruption on the skin. Hering points out that this eruption may
emerge in those illnesses that are incurable as a method that the life
force uses to palliate the internal complaint to the best of its
ability. This eliminative process is intimately related to the nature
of the miasms involved because the vital force cures by returning its
focus to the original primary symptoms and removing the cause. In the
case of sycosis this progression tends to end with a discharge, and in
the case of syphilis, an ulcer. The same type of manifestation is
witnessed in non-miasmatic disorders and suppressions in general. This
brings us to the next of Hering's maxims, from the more important to
the less important spheres and the order of the removal of symptoms.
Hering noted that the cure of chronic disease takes place from the
most important organs to the less important regions. This dovetails
very closing with the ideas of above to below and from within to
without yet points out a slightly different angle. The brain and the
neuro-endocrine system are considered the most important physiological
systems followed by the vital organs like the lungs, heart, liver and
kidneys. A human being can live without a spleen, a gall bladder, or
an arm or a leg, but they can not live without the brain and the vital
organs. The brain may also be considered the organ which reposes in
the highest position in the human body and is the most essential of
the physical parts.
In aphorism 16 of the Organon Hahnemann speaks of the nervous system
as the medium by which the vital force perceives the tone altering
potential of homoeopathic remedies. This means that the brain is the
first physical organ to receive the tunement altering energies of a
simillimum. Therefore, the re-tuning of organism to the state of
health begins in the highest and most central structure of the human
body, the brain and neuro-endocrine systems. Therefore, the curative
reaction begins with the lifeforce, and passes through the brain and
vital systems, and then to the most affected organs of the body in
order of importance. Indeed, this shows healing does take place from
above to below and in the most important regions first. This concept
also includes the intellect and emotional disposition, which are the
most subtle "organs" in the human body.
Nature functions through natural laws that demonstrate a higher order.
Psora begins with a skin eruption (either in the patient or their
ancestors) and progresses to more complex internal states until
secondary pathology is produced. As disease states follow a natural
progression so does the innate processes of healing. Psora begins with
an external lesion and ends with the return of the original eruptions.
Hahnemann was the first to clearly point out the essential role of the
reversal of the chronological order the symptoms during healing. Vide
The Chronic Diseases.
"The latest symptoms that have been added to a chronic disease which
has been left to itself (and thus has not been aggravated by medical
mismanagement) are always the first to yield in an antipsoric
treatment; but the oldest ailments and those which have been most
constant and unchanged, among which are the constant local ailments,
are the last to give way; and this is only effected, when all the
remaining disorders have disappeared and the health has been to all
other respects almost totally restored."
The Chronic Diseases Their Peculiar Nature and Their HomOEopathic Cure,
Hahnemann, Psora, page 230.
The Founder's version of the reversal of the developmental order of
the symptoms contains several points that were not included in either
Hering's or Kent's renditions. First of all is the fact that
suppression and medical mismanagement may disrupt the natural order of
the reversal of symptoms. Second is the observation that certain old
protracted conditions and constant local ailments may be the last to
be removed regardless of the timeline of the disease state. These
ailments will only be relieved when the state of health and vitality
is such that the vital force has the sufficient resources to remove
such resistant pathologies. Hahnemann also noted in the 6th Organon
that old one-sided pathologies and local complaints may linger after
the general health is restored and may require an increase in the size
of the dose, the potency and repetition for complete health to be
reinstate.
Doctor Hering also implies that the systems more affected disease
begin to heal before those areas less affected. As noted above, Psora
begins with a skin eruption that is usually not extremely dangerous to
the patient unless there are complications. When the itch lesion is
suppressed or spontaneous progresses to the inner spheres, the
internal symptoms increase in intensity. During the growth of Psora
the internal organs become more affected than the original site of the
primary lesions. A similar process takes place in all the miasms as
they advance from their primary lesions to latent states and then
secondary and tertiary symptoms. During the reversal of symptoms the
more affected internal systems are relieved first followed by the
presently less affected external areas of the body.
Hering also reconfirms Hahnemann's assertion that the amelioration of
the psychological symptoms of the patient is a most important sign.
The functions of the Geist (rational spirit) and the Gemuet (the
emotional disposition) are considered more intrinsic than the
functions of the human brain by the vitalist. The functions of
consciousness are considered essential aspects of the Soul rather than
merely the outcome of chemical transactions within the brain. Changes
in the psychological sphere as well as the general sense of vitality
and well-being are often the first signs that show the healing process
has begun. A sense of spiritual quiescence, mental harmony and
physical well-being are complementary aspects to maxims of above to
below, from within to without, and from the most important to the
lesser important. In many cases the state of mind may be considered
more important than the physiological condition, as in the end, the
mental condition of a person is more important than the state of their
body. How a person approaches the mysteries of birth, sickness, old
age and death is the final deciding factor of the level of evolution
of the human Spirit.
Symptom patterns that follow the opposite direction of the laws of
healing are a sign that the disease is uncured and increasing. In some
cases the pains may travel from the extremities and lower body to the
upper regions. In other situations the disease pattern may progress
from the more external areas to the more internal organs and systems.
In some patients the morbid processes may mutate from the lesser
important regions to the more important spheres. Many times new
symptoms will develop while the case is under treatment. The
unfortunate patient may experience a decline in their psychological
state and general sense of well-being as well as vitality. These
negative manifestations may come singularly, in different
combinations, or all at once. The more components involved in the
negative evolution of the symptoms, the more serious the case has
become. These pathological signs accompany an increase of the disease
state as well as the phenomena associated with the suppression
syndrome. The signs of disease, suffering and death are the exact
opposite of the signs of healing, relief and life.
It is apparent that there are more aspects to the direction of cure
introduced by Hahnemann, explained by Hering, and codified by Kent,
than is commonly understood. In this new light Hahnemann's direction
of cure has seven major aspects.
1. Pains are removed from the human organism from above to below.
The most essential organ in the physical body is the human brain as it
is the set of consciousness and controller of both the autonomic and
voluntary nervous systems. During the process of healing the nervous
and endocrine systems are the first areas to begin the process of
normalization. For this reason, there is often an amelioration of the
mental disposition as well as general state and vitality before
improvement of the physical pathology takes place. The corresponding
relief of pain often flows from the regions from the mind, brain and
head; to the essential vital organs; to the organs of elimination; and
finally to the bodily extremities.
2. Derangements are relieved from within to without.
The immaterial vital force is the most intrinsic power in the human
organism followed by the brain and neuro-endocrine system and the
vital organs. For this reason, curative action begins with the vital
energy in the innermost regions of the human Wesen and passes from the
intrinsic internal organs to the periphery of the body. In Mesmerism,
a science practiced by Samuel Hahnemann, the human organism is viewed
as a bio-magnet in which the positive and negative poles of the vital
force reside in the brain (+) and solar plexus (-). This animal
magnetism naturally flows from within to without through the energetic
aura and natural magnetic meridians as well as the brain and nervous
system. This energy pattern is considered by Mesmerist to be more
central and intrinsic than the physical organism. The presence of the
bioelectrical field and its aura has been confirmed by modern science
and is considered an important essential of all physiological
functions.
3. Mistunements are relieved in the most important systems and organs
first.
Healing begins on the functional level by first retuning the
lifeforce, the psycho-neural system and the vital organs. This
provides the harmony and energy necessary to the removal of physical
pathology. This maxim is intimately related to the ideas that healing
takes place from above to below and from within to without. This is
because the most important inner systems are those that reside in the
higher to lower regions of the body like the brain, lungs, heart,
liver and kidneys. The return of vital functions is a precursor to the
healing of organic pathology.
4. Diseases are removed in the reverse order of their original
development.
Nature demonstrates an inherent order in all its functions, even those
that appear most chaotic on the surface. Psora begins with a skin
eruption and then progresses inward to produce more complex secondary
complaints in the organs, systems and tissues. As the mother of all
chronic miasms, Psora sets the pattern that pseudopsora TB, sycosis,
syphilis, hepatitis, AIDS and vaccinosis follow. The cure of these
chronic diseases takes place by the reversal of chronological
development and end by reproducing the original primary symptoms and
removing the fundamental cause. The exceptions to this rule are as
follows:
a. The chronological reversal of symptoms may not take place in cases
disrupted by suppression and other medical malpractices. These
iatrogenic states disrupt the natural progression of the symptoms and
may alter the timeline by which the disease is removed.
b. The chronological reversal of the symptoms may not take place with
protracted and unchanged pathologies and constant local and one-sided
complaints. In such conditions the complete healing of these areas may
take place until the organism is nearly healthy in all other
respects.
5. The symptoms are first relieved in the more affected organs, and
then in the lesser affected systems, and finally the most superficial
regions. In the case of Psora, the more severe secondary complaints
improve and the patient gains strength before the return of the
original eruptions. Other miasms present a similar process.
The miasms begin with superficial symptoms and mutate to more
dangerous conditions. No one has died from a simple itch infection but
many have died prematurely due to the outcome of the suppression and
mutations of internal psora. As long as the eruptions are present on
the skin they act as a pressure value that slows to some degree the
internal expansion of the symptoms. When the vital force is denied
this external pressure release through suppressive methods, or
spontaneous mutation, the internal symptoms become progressively more
dangerous. On receiving a homoeopathic remedy, the vital force begins
by relieving the derangements of the more affected organs and systems
before dealing with the more superficial aspects of the disease. This
is because, at present, the internal organs are in need of aid than
the outer regions that were the original seat of the miasms primary
symptoms.
6. The amelioration of the symptoms of the intellectual and emotional
spheres as well as the general sense of well-being and vitality are
signs that healing is taking place in the proper manner and on the
deeper levels.
In the Organon, Hahnemann pointed out that one of the first signs of a
correct remedy is an amelioration of the intellectual and emotions
symptoms. This is often accompanied the return of a sense of well-
being and an increase in energy. The patient begins to feel better in
spirit and experience more vitality as the more important areas of the
organism is regularized by a simillimum. This may take place even
though the disease symptoms are slightly aggravated as a sign that
amelioration will soon take place. The Founder noted that this process
is most obvious when the size of the dose is kept as small as
possible. Large doses tend to produce the opposite affect thus
aggravating the mind and destabilizing the vitality by producing
antagonistic counter actions by the vital force.
7. The symptoms of decline and disease are the exact opposite of the
signs of the direction of cure.
When the pains go from below to above; symptoms from without to
within; derangements from lesser important organs to more important
organs; new states appear; and the more affect organs begin to
decline; as well as the mental state becomes worse; this is sign that
the disease state is getting worse. The order of the signs of disease
progression is the exact opposite of the order of the signs of
healing. This may take place because the disease process is increasing
because the chosen remedy is having no effect, or through suppression
of the superficial aspects of the disease by an incorrect remedy. In
either case, such signs are a bad prognosis that shows remedial and
corrective measure must be applied immediately.
The above seven factors are all interrelated and relative in nature.
It is not easy to say where one maxim ends and another begins because
they all find their source in the unity of the vital force and the way
in which the human organism reacts to disease and medicine. Where one
maxim is not totally applicable another maxim may take its place. The
fact that every example of healing may not follow the exact patterns
of the direction of cure as commonly understood has caused some
individuals to reject the entire hypothesis. They are unknowingly
throwing the baby (the exceptions) out with the bathwater (the time
honored observations). These maxims are interdependent relative truths
not absolutely rigid fixed dogmas. Hahnemann clearly pointed out in
1828 that not all disease processes follow this exact pattern. There
are reasons for these exceptions, although they may not always be
perceivable to our intellect in each and every case. The number of
cases which have demonstrated aspects of the order of cure far
outweighs those cases that have not.
Dr. Hering's preface continues:
"But alas!, the rules which the experienced founder of Homoeopathy
lays down in the subsequent work with so much emphasis, are not always
practiced, and therefore cannot be appreciated. Many oppose them;
cures which otherwise might be speedy and certain, are delayed; much
injury is being done by the wiseacres who intrude themselves into our
literature and mix with it as chaff and wheat. On all this we may
console
The law of order which we have pointed out above, accounts for the
numerous cutaneous eruptions consequent upon homoeopathic treatment,
even where they never have been seen before; It accounts for the
obstinacy with which many kinds of herpes and ulcers remain upon the
skin, Whereas others are dissipated like snow. Those which remain, do
remain because of the internal disease is yet existing. This law of
order also accounts for the insufficiency of violent sweats, when the
internal disease is not yet disposed to leave its hiding-place. It
lastly accounts for one cutaneous affection being substituted for
another.
This transformation of the internal affection of such parts of the
organism as are essential to important functions, to a cutaneous
affection- a transformation which is entirely different from the
violent change effected by means of Autenrieth's ointment ammonium,
croton-oil, cantharides, mustard, etc.- is chiefly effected by the
anti psoric remedies.
Other remedies may sometimes effect that transformation even the use
of water, change of climate, of occupation, etc; but it is more
safely, more mildly and more thoroughly effected by the anti psoric
remedies.
This latter is altogether an individual opinion; others may have
different opinions relative to the same subject; This needs not to
prevent us from aiming all of us at the same end side by side in
perfect harmony."
Comments: Hering rightly points out that the true phenomena associated
with the direction of cure may be witnessed with different modalities
but it is most consistently and gently carried out by Homoeopathy. For
this reason, there is no reason to dogmatically call all other healing
methods "suppressive". It is not methods such a herbology,
acupuncture, etc. that are inherently suppressive but it is how they
are often applied that does the damage. Any healing methodology that
demonstrates principles similar to Hahnemann's direction of cure is
truly carrying out the healing process. The reversal of symptoms and
other maxims is not the sole possession of our science. Nevertheless,
in Homoeopathy the process is carried out with clear intend and
knowledge, whereas in most healing arts, it is more by accident than
incident. Most important is that homoeopaths become truly conversant
with the laws of natural healing as introduced by Hahnemann and
elucidated by past masters of our noble healing art.
Nature is based on an eternal order that transcends the limited
intellect of human beings. No matter how advanced modern science may
appear today it will largely obsolete in the not too distance future.
The only data that will remain will be those facts that are truly
based on nature's primordial order. These principles stand eternal
although our understanding of them is partial. Homoeopathy is a
glimpse into the future where energy medicine will supplant chemical
medicine as the primary methodology of healing.
Dr. Hering's preface continues:
"It is the duty of all of us to go further in the theory and practice
of Homoeopathy than Hahnemann has done. We ought to seek the truth
which is before us and forsake the errors of the past. But wo unto him
who, on that account, should personally attack the author of our
doctrine; he would burthen himself with infamy. Hahnemann was a great
savant, inquirer, and discoverer; he was as true a man, without
falsity, candid and open as a child, an inspired with pure benevolence
and with a holy zeal for science.
When at last the fatal hour had struck for the sublime old man who had
preserved his vigour almost to his last moments, when it was the heart
of his consort who had made his last years the brightest of his life,
was on the point of breaking. Many of us seeing those who are dearest
to us engaged in the death-struggle, would exclaim: "Why should'st
thou suffer so much!" So to exclaimed Hahnemann's consort:"Why
should'st thou who hast alleviated so much suffering, suffer in thy
last hour? This is unjust. Providence should have allotted to thee a
painless death."
Then he raised his voice as he had often done when he exhorted his
disciples to hold fast to the great principals of homoeopathy. "Why
should I have been thus distinguished? Each of us should here attend
to the duties which god has imposed upon him. Although men may
distinguish a more or less yet no one has merit. God owes nothing to
me, I to him all."
With these words he took leave of the world, of his friends, and his
foes. And here we take leave of you, reader, whether our friend or our
opponent.
To him who believes that there may yet be truths which he does not
know and which he desires to know, will be pointed out such paths as
will lead him to the light he needs. If he who has sincere benevolence
and wish's to work for the benefit of all, be considered by Providence
a fit instrument for the accomplishment of the divine will, he will be
called upon to fulfill his mission and will be led to truth evermore.
It is the spirit of truth that tries to unite us all; but the father
of lies keeps us separate and divided.
C.Hg.
Philadelphia, April 22, 1845."
Comments: It is the duty of all homoeopaths to go beyond Hahnemann and
help to improve the theory and practice of Homoeopathy and bring our
healing art up to date for our times. Each generation of practitioners
has added much experience to the repertory, materia medica and
pharmacy as well as clinic application of healing through similars. My
generation is no exception. The errors of the past should be removed
and replaced with the realties of the present but without perverting
the underlying truths that are universal and timeless in nature. Alas,
there is great difference in improving on the work of an established
tradition and changing something to suit oneself. Too many have sought
to change homoeopathy before they understood the fundamentals of the
art in the first place. Others have tried to make new improve versions
of Homoeopathy when they lacked the weighty knowledge supplied by long
years of clinical experience. Some have bitterly criticized Hahnemann
as a person and professional in order to set themselves up as
enlightened "instant experts". Such individuals have failed to learn
the lessons of mythology as well human history patience, perseverance
in the truth and humility. Their Hubris Knows No Bounds. But as Hering
said: it the truth that unites all true healers, and lies that keep us
apart.
Hahnemann lived a long and noble life, and whatever his human faults
may have been, he was one of the greatest medical personages that
every lived. For this reason, he can truly be called the "second
Hippocrates" and the Founder of the medicine of the future. Hahnemann
was quite aware when he fell ill in the spring of 1843 that it would
be his last ailment and shortly he would take rest in his Heavenly
Abode. Nevertheless, he continued to work in his clinic until he
became too ill to continue and took up his dead bed. As the Founder
looked back on his long life he knew that he had carried out the
mission which Providence had place upon him to the best of his
abilities. For this reason, even though he suffered painful
difficulties in breathing, he was able to tell his beloved Melanie,
"God owes nothing to me, I to him all." With such words passed the
great medicinal savant, Samuel Hahnemann, who was one without a second
among the men of his time.
This completes the commentary on Hering's Preface to the 1845 American
edition of The Chronic Diseases by Samuel Hahnemann. I hope you have
enjoyed this review as much as I have.
Homoeopathic Online Education - http://simillimum.com
(c) David Little, H.O.E. 1996-2007, all rights reserved.
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