Poor DISHONEST Mark Thorson


"Mark Thorson" <nospam@xxxxxxxxx> wrote in message
news:4377CEA1.FB79EFDE@xxxxxxxxxxxx
> JanD wrote:
>>
>> FASEB J. 1995 Apr;9(7):504-8. Related Articles, Links
>>
>> Comment in:
>> a.. FASEB J. 1995 Nov;9(14):1499-500.
>>
>> Mercury exposure from "silver" tooth fillings: emerging evidence
>> questions a
>> traditional dental paradigm.
>
> 1995? Sorry, Jan. That stuff was disproven much
> more recently. You're the one who needs to be updated.

NO, it has NOT been disproven.

Poor Mark.

It matters not the date.

The FACTS are still true.

Furthermore, you have just shown your complete DISHONESTY.

As ALL can see, there were several that were 2003.

*I* had NO need to send a follow up to alt. null.

The FACT that you do, tells ALL you are dishonest.

http://tinyurl.com/dpjdj

FASEB J. 1995 Apr;9(7):504-8

Mercury exposure from "silver" tooth fillings: emerging evidence questions a
traditional dental paradigm.

Lorscheider FL, Vimy MJ, Summers AO.

Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of
Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

For more than 160 years dentistry has used silver amalgam, which contains
approximately 50% Hg metal, as the preferred tooth filling material. During
the past decade medical research has demonstrated that this Hg is
continuously released as vapor into mouth air; then it is inhaled, absorbed
into body tissues, oxidized to ionic Hg, and finally covalently bound to
cell proteins. Animal and human experiments demonstrate that the uptake,
tissue distribution, and excretion of amalgam Hg is significant, and that
dental amalgam is the major contributing source to Hg body burden in humans.
Current research on the pathophysiological effects of amalgam Hg has focused
upon the immune system, renal system, oral and intestinal bacteria,
reproductive system, and the central nervous system. Research evidence does
not support the notion of amalgam safety.

Publication Types:


PMID: 7737458 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11822127

1: Ned Tijdschr Tandheelkd. 1993 Apr;100(4):179-82.Related Articles, Links


[Amalgam. IV. Metabolism of mercury]

[Article in Dutch]

Gladys S, van Meerbeek B, Vanherle G, Lambrechts P.

Afdeling Conserverende Tandheelkunde en Tandheelkundige Materialen, School
voor Tandheelkunde, Mondziekten en Kaakchirurgie, Katholieke Universiteit te
Leuven, Belgie.

After absorption in the body by four ways, each type of mercury undergoes a
specific metabolism. Elementary mercury as mercury vapour becomes rapidly
oxidized to Hg2+ and, afterwards, is metabolized as an inorganic mercurial
compound. From the blood circulation mercury reaches target organs like the
kidneys, the central nervous system, the liver and the hypophysis, in which
mercury accumulates. The retention time varies by organ and is longest in
the brain. Mercury is mainly eliminated with urine and faeces, to a lesser
degree with transpiration and mother's milk and sometimes by respiration.

Publication Types:
Review
Review, Tutorial

PMID: 11822127 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

http://www.greenfacts.org/mercury/l-2/mercury-2.htm#2

..2 How are we exposed to mercury?
The main source of elemental mercury vapour is dental amalgam (a tooth
filling).
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11799732
1: Bull Group Int Rech Sci Stomatol Odontol. 2000
May-Dec;42(2-3):88-93.Related Articles, Links


Salivary mercury levels in healthy donors with and without amalgam fillings.

Pizzichini M, Fonzi M, Gasparoni A, Fonzi L.

Department of Biomedical Science, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.

Dental amalgam (AMG) is the most diffused dental filling material. Since it
is constituted for at least 40-45% of Hg, many questions have raised about
its safe use. Hg particles from dental amalgam dissolve in saliva and, being
ingested, they reach the blood stream through the intestinal mucosa. It has
been demonstrated that amalgam fillings continuously release Hg vapour and
that there is detectable Hg in expired and inspired air of amalgam owners.
It is not yet fully accepted that AMG fillings represent the principal
source of Hg for man and the aim of this study was to evaluate if the
mercury level in saliva: 1) was higher within people bearing dental amalgam
restorations than in people with no restorations; 2) was different between
males or females; 3) increased in relation to the surface of amalgam
restorations. The results showed a correlation between number of fillings
and salivary Hg, between amalgam surface and salivary Hg. The Authors could
finally assert that AMG fillings represented the principal source of
salivary Hg in the subjects studied.

PMID: 11799732 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14651282

In vitro neurotoxic evaluation of root-end-filling materials.

Asrari M, Lobner D.

Department of Endodontics, Marquette University School of Dentistry,
Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA. masrari@xxxxxxxxx

Root-end-filling materials have been tested for toxicity on several
cell types, but their toxicity has not been tested on neurons. In this study
we evaluated the neurotoxicity in murine cerebral cortical cell cultures of
four commonly used root-end-filling materials: mineral trioxide aggregate,
amalgam, Super EBA, and Diaket. Standardized amounts of each material were
placed on culture-well inserts, allowing the material to be exposed to the
culture bathing media without causing physical disruption of the cells. Cell
death was quantified by assaying release of the cytosolic enzyme lactate
dehydrogenase. Exposure of cortical cultures to freshly mixed or 7-day-old
MTA did not cause significant neuronal death, whereas exposure to freshly
mixed or 7-day-old amalgam, Super EBA, and Diaket resulted in significant
neuronal death (p < .05). Thus, each material, except for mineral trioxide
aggregate, can induce neurotoxicity, even when allowed to set thoroughly.

PMID: 14651282 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12018634

Mercury in dental restoration: is there is risk nephrotoxicity?

Mortada WL, Sobh MA, El-Defrawy MM, Farahat SE.

Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura University, Faculty of
Science, Egypt.

BACKGROUND: Concern has been voiced about exposure to mercury (Hg)
from dental amalgam fillings, and there is a need to assess whether this
leads to signs of nephrotoxicity. METHODS: A total of 101 healthy adults (80
males and 21 females) were included in this study. The population as grouped
into those having amalgam fillings (39 males and 10 females) and those
without (41 males and 11 females). Hg was determined in blood, urine, hair
and nails to assess exposure. Urinary excretion of beta2-microglobulin
(beta2M), N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), gamma-glutamyltransferase
(gammaGT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were determined as markers of
tubular damage. Albuminuria was assayed as an early indicator of glomerular
dysfunction. Serum creatinine, beta2M and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were
determined to assess glomerular filtration. RESULTS: Hg levels in blood and
urine were significantly higher in persons with dental amalgam than those
without; in the dental amalgam group, blood and urine levels of Hg
significantly correlated with the number of amalgams. Urinary excretion of
NAG, gammaGT and albumin was significantly higher in persons with dental
amalgam than those without. In the amalgam group, urinary excretion of NAG
and albumin significantly correlated with the number of fillings.
Albuminuria significantly correlated with blood and urine Hg. CONCLUSION:
>From the nephrotoxicity point of view, dental amalgam is an unsuitable
filling material, as it may give rise to Hg toxicity. Hg levels in blood and
urine are good markers of such toxicity. In these exposure conditions, renal
damage is possible and may be assessed by urinary excretions of albumin,
NAG, and gamma-GT.

PMID: 12018634 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


Summary Brief Abstract Citation MEDLINE ASN.1 XML/SGML LinkOut Related
Articles
Protein Links Nucleotide Links Popset Links Structure Links Genome Links
OMIM
Links Structure Domains Links

1: Stomatologiia (Mosk) 1997;76(4):9-11 Related Articles, Books[Patterns
of mercury release from amalgam fillings into the oral cavity].[Article in
Russian]Motorkina AV, Barer GM, Volozhin AI.

Seventy-five subjects aged 20 to 57 with 1 to 15 fillings of silver amalgam
were examined. The level of mercury vapors in the oral cavity was
assessed using an AGP-01 device and the method developed by the authors.
Emission of mercury vapors in the oral cavity increased with the number of
fillings.
The concentration of mercury in the oral cavity depends largely on the
number
of silver amalgam fillings and less so on these fillings' length of
service.AdvDent Res 1992 Sep;6:110-3

Related Articles, Books, LinkOut Side-effects: mercury contribution to body
burden from dental amalgam.Reinhardt JW.Department of Operative Dentistry,
University of Iowa College of Dentistry,Iowa City 52242.

The purpose of this paper is to examine and report on studies that relate
mercury levels in human tissues to the presence of dental amalgams, giving
special attention to autopsy studies. Until recently, there have been few
published studies examining the relationship between dental amalgams and
tissue mercury levels. Improved and highly sensitive tissue analysis
techniques
have made it possible to measure elements in the concentration range of
parts
per billion. The fact that mercury can be absorbed and reach toxic levels in
humantissues makes any and all exposure to that element of scientific
interest.

Dental amalgams have long been believed to be of little significance as
contributors to the overall body burden of mercury, because the elemental
form of mercury is rapidly consumed in the setting reaction of
therestoration.
Studies showing measurable elemental mercury vapor release from
dental amalgams have raised renewed concern about amalgam safety.

Mercury vapor absorption occurs through the lungs, with about 80% of the
inhaled vapor being absorbed by the lungs and rapidly entering the
bloodstream.
Following distribution by blood circulation, mercury can enter and remain in
certain tissues for longer periods of time, since the half-life of excretion
is
prolonged. Two of the primary arget organs of concern are the central
nervous
system and kidneys.

Publication Types: Review Review, Tutorial PMID: 1292449 [PubMed - indexed
for MEDLINE] 1: FASEB J 1990 Nov;4(14):3256-60 Related Articles, Books,
LinkOut
Comment in: FASEB J. 1991 Feb;5(2):236.

Whole-body imaging of the distribution of mercury released from dental
fillings
into monkey tissues.Hahn LJ, Kloiber R, Leininger RW, Vimy MJ, Lorscheider
FL.Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Faculty of
Medicine,Alberta,Canada.

The fate of mercury (Hg) released from dental "silver" amalgam tooth
fillings
into human mouth air is uncertain. A previous report about sheep revealed
uptake routes and distribution of amalgam Hg among body tissues. The present
investigation demonstrates the bodily distribution of amalgam Hg in a monkey
whose dentition, diet, feeding regimen, and chewing pattern closely resemble
those of humans.

When amalgam fillings, which normally contain 50% Hg, are made with a
tracer of radioactive 203Hg and then placed into monkey teeth, the isotope
appears
in high concentration in various organs and tissues within 4wk. Whole-body
images
of the monkey revealed that the highest levels of Hg werel ocated in
thekidney, gastrointestinal tract, and jaw.

The dental profession's advocacy of silver amalgam as a stable tooth
restorative material is not supported by these findings.PMID:2227216
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

1: Neurotoxicology 1983 Fall;4(3):201-4 Related Articles, Books,LinkOut

Mercury toxicity and dental amalgam.Wolff M, Osborne JW, Hanson AL.There
is adequate evidence that dental amalgam restorations, during and after
placement, results in the release of Hg into the patient's body. Whether the
Hg
released from amalgam is due to placement procedures, surface abrasion, orl
ater
corrosion breakdown, there is evidence that a low level Hg release continues
for years.

It is generally agreed that if amalgam was introduced today as a
restorative material, they would never pass F.D.A. approval.

With new and more accurate techniques of measuring Hg levels, especially
in tissue and blood, additional studies are necessary to relate blood-Hg
levels with dental amalgam restorations. Studies must relate existing
restorations as well as the placement of new restorations to body-Hg levels.

It is possible that we have accepted a potentially dangerous material as
being safe.

Bull Group Int Rech Sci Stomatol Odontol. 2000 May-Dec;42(2-3):88-93.
Related Articles, Links


Salivary mercury levels in healthy donors with and without amalgam fillings.

Pizzichini M, Fonzi M, Gasparoni A, Fonzi L.

Department of Biomedical Science, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.

Dental amalgam (AMG) is the most diffused dental filling material. Since it
is constituted for at least 40-45% of Hg, many questions have raised about
its safe use. Hg particles from dental amalgam dissolve in saliva and, being
ingested, they reach the blood stream through the intestinal mucosa. It has
been demonstrated that amalgam fillings continuously release Hg vapour and
that there is detectable Hg in expired and inspired air of amalgam owners.
It is not yet fully accepted that AMG fillings represent the principal
source of Hg for man and the aim of this study was to evaluate if the
mercury level in saliva: 1) was higher within people bearing dental amalgam
restorations than in people with no restorations; 2) was different between
males or females; 3) increased in relation to the surface of amalgam
restorations. The results showed a correlation between number of fillings
and salivary Hg, between amalgam surface and salivary Hg. The Authors could
finally assert that AMG fillings represented the principal source of
salivary Hg in the subjects studied.

PMID: 11799732 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

http://tinyurl.com/bc4r3

Caries Res.2001 May-June 35(3):163-6

Dental amalgam fillings and the amount of organic mercury in human saliva


Leistevuo J, Leistevuo T, Helenius H, Pyy L, Osterblad M, Huovinen P,
Tenovuo J.

The National Public Health Institute, Antimicrobial Research Laboratory,
Turku University, Turku, Finland.

We studied differences in the amounts of organic and inorganic mercury in
saliva samples between amalgam and nonamalgam human study groups. The amount
of organic and inorganic mercury in whole saliva was measured in 187 adult
study subjects. The mercury contents were determined by cold-vapor atomic
absorption spectrometry. The amount of organic and inorganic mercury in
paraffin-stimulated saliva was significantly higher (p<0.001) in subjects
with dental amalgam fillings (n = 88) compared to the nonamalgam study
groups (n = 43 and n = 56): log(e) (organic mercury) was linearly related to
log(e) (inorganic mercury, r(2) = 0.52). Spearman correlation coefficients
of inorganic and organic mercury concentrations with the number of
amalgam-filled tooth surfaces were 0.46 and 0.27, respectively. Our results
are compatible with the hypothesis that amalgam fillings may be a continuous
source of organic mercury, which is more toxic than inorganic mercury, and
almost completely absorbed by the human intestine.

PMID: 11385194 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

http://tinyurl.com/3bp8f


1: Adv Dent Res. 1992 Sep;6:110-3. Related Articles, Links


Side-effects: mercury contribution to body burden from dental amalgam.


Reinhardt JW.


Department of Operative Dentistry, University of Iowa College of Dentistry,
Iowa City 52242.


The purpose of this paper is to examine and report on studies that relate
mercury levels in human tissues to the presence of dental amalgams, giving
special attention to autopsy studies. Until recently, there have been few
published studies examining the relationship between dental amalgams and
tissue
mercury levels. Improved and highly sensitive tissue analysis techniques
have
made it possible to measure elements in the concentration range of parts per
billion. The fact that mercury can be absorbed and reach toxic levels in
human
tissues makes any and all exposure to that element of scientific interest.
Dental amalgams have long been believed to be of little significance as
contributors to the overall body burden of mercury, because the elemental
form
of mercury is rapidly consumed in the setting reaction of the restoration.
Studies showing measurable elemental mercury vapor release from dental
amalgams
have raised renewed concern about amalgam safety. Mercury vapor absorption
occurs through the lungs, with about 80% of the inhaled vapor being absorbed
by
the lungs and rapidly entering the bloodstream. Following distribution by
blood
circulation, mercury can enter and remain in certain tissues for longer
periods
of time, since the half-life of excretion is prolonged. Two of the primary
target organs of concern are the central nervous system and kidneys.


Publication Types:
Review
Review, Tutorial
PMID: 1292449 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

http://tinyurl.com/2ld6k


J Alzheimers Dis. 2003 Jun;5(3):189-95

Apolipoprotein E genotyping as a potential biomarker for mercury
neurotoxcity

Godfrey ME, Wojcik DP, Krone CA.

Bay of Plenty Environmental Health Clinic, Tauranga, New Zealand.
godfrey@xxxxxxxxxx

Apolipoprotein-E (apo-E) genotyping has been investigated as an indicator of
susceptibility to heavy metal (i.e., lead) neurotoxicity. Moreover, the
apo-E epsilon (epsilon)4 allele is a major risk factor for neurodegenerative
conditions, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). A theoretical biochemical
basis for this risk factor is discussed herein, supported by data from 400
patients with presumptive mercury-related neuro-psychiatric symptoms and in
whom apo-E determinations were made. A statistically relevant shift toward
the at-risk apo-E epsilon4 groups was found in the patients p<0.001). The
patients possessed a mean of 13.7 dental amalgam fillings and 31.5 amalgam
surfaces. This far exceeds the number capable of producing the maximum
identified tolerable daily intake of mercury from amalgam. The clinical
diagnosis and proof of chronic low-level mercury toxicity has been difficult
due to the non-specific nature of the symptoms and signs. Dental amalgam is
the greatest source of mercury in the general population and brain, blood
and urine mercury levels increase correspondingly with the number of
amalgams and amalgam surfaces in the mouth. Confirmation of an elevated body
burden of mercury can be made by measuring urinary mercury, after
provocation with 2,3,-dimercapto-propane sulfonate (DMPS) and this was
measured in 150 patients. Apo-E genotyping warrants investigation as a
clinically useful biomarker for those at increased risk of neuropathology,
including AD, when subjected to long-term mercury exposures. Additionally,
when clinical findings suggest adverse effects of chronic mercury exposure,
a DMPS urine mercury challenge appears to be a simple, inexpensive procedure
that provides objective confirmatory evidence. An opportunity could now
exist for primary health practitioners to help identify those at greater
risk and possibly forestall subsequent neurological deterioration.

PMID: 12897404 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

http://tinyurl.com/2h6y4

Altern Med Rev 2000 Jun;5(3):209-23

Enviromental medicine, part three: long-term of chronic low-dose mercury
exposure


Crinnion WJ.

Healing Naturally, 11811 NE 128th St., Suite 202, Kirkland, WA 98034, USA.

Mercury is ubiquitous in the environment, and in our mouths in the form of
"silver" amalgams. Once introduced to the body through food or vapor,
mercury is rapidly absorbed and accumulates in several tissues, leading to
increased oxidative damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cell death.
Mercury primarily affects neurological tissue, resulting in numerous
neurological symptoms, and also affects the kidneys and the immune system.
It causes increased production of free radicals and decreases the
availability of antioxidants. It also has devastating effects on the
glutathione content of the body, giving rise to the possibility of increased
retention of other environmental toxins. Fortunately, effective tests are
available to help distinguish those individuals who are excessively burdened
with mercury, and to monitor them during treatment. Therapies for assisting
the reduction of a mercury load include the use of 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic
acid (DMSA) and 2,3-dimercato-1-propanesulfonic acid (DMPS). Additional
supplementation to assist in the removal of mercury and to reduce its
adverse effects is discussed.

Publication Types:

PMID: 10869102 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


http://tinyurl.com/2gnwl


: Br Dent J. 1997 May 24;182(10):373-81. Related Articles, Links


The future of dental amalgam: a review of the literature. Part 4: Mercury
exposure hazards and risk assessment.


Eley BM.


Periodontal Department, King's College School of Medicine & Dentistry,
London.


This is the fourth article in a series of seven on the future of dental
amalgam. It first describes toxic mercury hazards from all sources of
exposure
including dental amalgam. It begins by considering the many problems in
accurately estimating daily mercury intakes from these sources. It then
describes potential mercury hazards to industrial workers and the
calculation
of thresholds for the general public from industrial data. The implications
of
these findings to the production of a safe threshold for patients with
dental
amalgams are then discussed. It finally discusses the attempts which have
been
made to carry out a risk assessment of dental amalgam. In this connection it
reports the reviews of the United States Public Health Service in 1993, the
Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare in 1994 and the risk assessment
commissioned from Canada Health which was reported in 1995. It also includes
comments on the methods used in this last report.


Publication Types:
Review
Review, Tutorial
PMID: 9185355 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


http://tinyurl.com/yuj39


Acupunct Electrother Res. 1996 Apr-Jun;21(2):133-60. Related Articles,
Links


Significant mercury deposits in internal organs following the removal of
dental
amalgam, & development of pre-cancer on the gingiva and the sides of the
tongue
and their represented organs as a result of inadvertent exposure to strong
curing light (used to solidify synthetic dental filling material) &
effective
treatment: a clinical case report, along with organ representation areas for
each tooth.


http://tinyurl.com/2gnwl


1: Br J Dermatol. 1996 Mar;134(3):420-3. Related Articles, Links


The relevance and effect of amalgam replacement in subjects with oral
lichenoid
reactions.


Ibbotson SH, Speight EL, Macleod RI, Smart ER, Lawrence CM.


Department of Dermatology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne,
U.K.


In this study we examined the prevalence of mercury hypersensitivity in
patients with oral lichenoid reactions (OLR) and the effect of amalgam
replacement in subjects with amalgams adjacent to OLR irrespective of their
mercury sensitivity status. One hundred and ninety-seven patients with oral
problems were examined: 109 with OLR, 22 with oral and generalized lichen
planus, and 66 with other oral diagnoses, including aphthous ulcers and
orofacial granulomatosis. Nineteen per cent of patients with OLR reacted to
mercury on patch testing, significantly more than in those with generalized
lichen planus (0%) and in those with other oral diagnoses (3%). Twenty-two
patients with OLR and adjacent amalgams had amalgam replacement and, in 16
of
17 mercury-positive subjects and three of four mercury-negative subjects,
the
OLR resolved after amalgam removal. In conclusion, we found a significantly
increased prevalence of mercury hypersensitivity in patients with localized
OLR
in comparison to subjects with other oral problems. Amalgam replacement
resulted in resolution of OLR in the majority of patients with amalgams
adjacent to OLR irrespective of their mercury sensitivity status.


PMID: 8731663 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


http://tinyurl.com/2dp6g
1: Psychol Rep. 1992 Jun;70(3 Pt 2):1139-51. Related Articles, Links


A comparison of mental health of multiple sclerosis patients with
silver/mercury dental fillings and those with fillings removed.


Siblerud RL.


Rocky Mountain Research Institute, Inc., Colorado.


In this study was compared the mental health status of 47 multiple sclerosis
patients with silver/mercury tooth fillings (amalgams) to that of 50
patients
with their fillings removed. On the Beck Depression Inventory the multiple
sclerosis subjects with amalgams suffered significantly more depression
while
their scores on the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory indicated the
former
group also exhibited significantly more anger. On the SCL-90 Revised,
subjects
with amalgam fillings had significantly more symptoms of depression,
hostility,
psychotism, and were more obsessive-compulsive than the patients with such
fillings removed. On a questionnaire containing 18 mental health symptoms
multiple sclerosis subjects with amalgam fillings reported a history of 43%
more symptoms than those without amalgam fillings over the past 12 months.
These data suggested that the poorer mental health status exhibited by
multiple
sclerosis subjects with dental amalgam fillings may be associated with
mercury
toxicity from the amalgam.


PMID: 1496084 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


http://tinyurl.com/2ukse


: Am J Psychother. 1989 Oct;43(4):575-87. Related Articles, Links


The relationship between mercury from dental amalgam and mental health.


Siblerud RL.


Colorado State University, Department of Physiology, Fort Collins.


The findings presented here suggest that mercury poisoning from dental
amalgam
may play a role in the etiology of mental illness. Comparisons between
subjects
with and without amalgam showed significant differences in subjective
reports
of mental health. Subjects who had amalgams removed reported that symptoms
of
mental illness lessened or disappeared after removal. The data suggest that
inorganic mercury poisoning from dental amalgam does affect the mind and
emotions.


PMID: 2618948 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


polipoprotein-E (apo-E) genotyping has been investigated as an
indicator of susceptibility to heavy metal (i.e., lead) neurotoxicity.
Moreover, the apo-E epsilon ( varepsilon )4 allele is a major risk
factor for neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer's disease
(AD). A theoretical biochemical basis for this risk factor is discussed
herein, supported by data from 400 patients with presumptive mercury
-related neuro-psychiatric symptoms and in whom apo-E
determinations were made. A statistically relevant shift toward the
at-risk apo-E varepsilon 4 groups was found in the patients p<0.001).
The patients possessed a mean of 13.7 dental amalgam fillings and 31.5
amalgam surfaces. This far exceeds the number capable of producing
the maximum identified tolerable daily intake of mercury from amalgam.
The clinical diagnosis and proof of chronic low-level mercury toxicity
has been difficult due to the non-specific nature of the symptoms and
signs. Dental amalgam is the greatest source of mercury in the general
population and brain, blood and urine mercury levels increase
correspondingly with the number of amalgams and amalgam surfaces
in the mouth. Confirmation of an elevated body burden of mercury
can be made by measuring urinary mercury, after provocation with
2,3,-dimercapto-propane sulfonate (DMPS) and this was measured
in 150 patients. Apo-E genotyping warrants investigation as a
clinically useful biomarker for those at increased risk of
neuropathology, including AD, when subjected to long-term mercury
exposures. Additionally, when clinical findings suggest adverse
effects of chronic mercury exposure, a DMPS urine mercury
challenge appears to be a simple, inexpensive procedure that
provides objective confirmatory evidence. An opportunity could now
exist for primary health practitioners to help identify those at greater
risk and possibly forestall subsequent neurological deterioration.
PMID: 12897404 [PubMed - in process]

http://tinyurl.com/uxrw


http://tinyurl.com/uxt2


http://tinyurl.com/uxth


http://tinyurl.com/uxtt


http://www.lichtenberg.dk/mercury_vapour_in_the_oral_cavit.htm

http://www.dentalmaterial.gov.se/Mercury.pdf

==

Amalgam dental fillings are a health hazard
NEW YORK, NY. Dr. Gary Null, PhD and Dr. Martin Feldman, MD have just
released a major report concerning the health hazards of dental amalgam
(silver) fillings. They point to incontrovertible evidence that mercury
continually leaches from amalgam fillings at a rate of about 10-50 times the
safe limit (0.28 microgram/day) set by the US Public Health Service. Mercury
has been linked to birth defects, multiple sclerosis, fatigue, Alzheimer's
disease, depression, anxiety, reduced immune function, antibiotic
resistance, and impaired kidney function. Researchers have found that
mercury is a potent killer of white blood cells and that proper removal of
amalgam fillings will restore white blood cell counts to healthy levels.
There is also evidence that the number of T-cells (an important part of
immune defenses) decreases substantially when amalgam fillings are placed in
the mouth, but increases again once the fillings are removed.
The American Dental Association (ADA) maintains that amalgam fillings are
safe - a position made completely untenable by the fact that the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has declared amalgam to be a hazardous
material. It is interesting that the ADA, when confronted by a lawsuit
regarding the use of amalgam fillings, made the following statement in its
defense, "The ADA owes no legal duty of care to protect the public from
allegedly dangerous products used by dentists."
Several studies have found that chewing markedly increases the amount of
mercury released from amalgam fillings into the mouth and that these mercury
vapours easily find their way into the pituitary gland and the brain.
Autopsies performed at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden revealed that
people with amalgam fillings had three times more mercury in the brain and
nine times more in the kidneys than did people with no amalgam fillings.
Common bacteria found in the mouth and intestines can convert mercury to
methylmercury, a compound that is 100 times more toxic than is elemental
mercury. Methylmercury passes both the blood-brain and placental barriers
and following a large exposure can remain in the brain for 10 years or more.
Considering that dentists still place about one million amalgam fillings in
the mouths of American citizens every day it is clear that disorders caused
by amalgam toxicity is a horrendous problem. Not everyone is sensitive to
mercury, but various studies estimate the percentage that are to be
somewhere between 10 and 44 per cent. Fortunately, a few governments are
beginning to wake up to the dangers and are passing laws restricting or
outright banning the use of amalgam fillings. The German, Norwegian,
Swedish, Canadian and British governments have advised dentists not to
install or remove amalgam fillings in pregnant women. Since November 2000
the following sign has been posted in all dental offices in California,
"WARNING - Amalgam fillings contain a chemical element known to the State of
California to cause birth defects or other reproductive harm". The
California Dental Association apparently lobbied successfully to ensure that
the word mercury did not appear in the warning.
The Australian Society of Oral Medicine and Toxicology has concluded that
mercury in amalgam fillings is continuously released from the fillings and
accumulates in tissues throughout the body where it interferes with many
physiological functions.
Null, Gary and Feldman, Martin. Mercury dental amalgams: the controversy
continues. Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine, Vol. 17, No. 2, 2nd Quarter
2002, pp. 85-110 [180 references]
Editor's comment: There is no question in my mind that amalgam fillings pose
a serious health risk to everyone whether or not they actually exhibit
symptoms of mercury toxicity at this time. New amalgam fillings should be
avoided and old ones replaced with composite fillings

Trigeminal neuralgia linked to amalgam fillings
JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA. Dr. William Cheshire, a physician at the Mayo Clinic,
reports on a case where a woman's trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux) was
traced to a galvanic reaction between an amalgam filling and an adjacent
gold-alloy crown. Consumption of tomatoes and other acidic foods produced
intense jolts described as being like those of an "electrical battery". The
jolts in turn resulted in excruciating pain in the trigeminal nerve.
Replacing the amalgam filling with a composite resolved the problem. Dr.
Cheshire points out that dissimilar metals in contact with saliva can form a
galvanic cell which can generate electrical currents with several hundred
millivolts of potential. He points out that many patients with trigeminal
neuralgia describe their pain in terms of "electrical" jolts and concludes
that his patient's neuralgia may well have been triggered by the galvanic
reaction between the amalgam filling and the gold crown.
Cheshire, William P., Jr. The shocking tooth about trigeminal neuralgia. New
England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 342, June 29, 2000, p. 2003
(correspondence)

Dental alloys affect cellular energy production
NOTE: We usually do not report test tube or animal experiments, but thought
we would make an exception in this case. The findings that commonly used
dental alloys may interrupt the normal function of human cells is a first
and could have wide-ranging effects.

BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA. Although nickel is known to be carcinogenic in humans
it is still widely used in certain dental alloys. Researchers at the
University of Alabama now report that other components of dental alloys
(beryllium, chromium, and molybdenum) as well as nickel affect the very
basic function of human cells - the production of energy (ATP). ATP is
produced in the mitochondria of cells and involves highly oxidative
processes. It is becoming increasingly clear that abnormalities in the
mitochondrial processes are important causes of human disease. Some
researchers believe that a slowing down of these processes actually heralds
the very first stage in the proliferation of abnormal cells and cancer.
The Alabama researchers exposed cultures of human gingival (gum) cells to
solutions of nickel, beryllium, chromium (tri- and hexavalent) and
molybdenum (hexavalent) for periods of 24 and 72 hours. They then measured
the energy production and oxygen consumption of the cells' mitochondria in
the various solutions. Cells in contact with nickel or hexavalent chromium
were most affected and showed decreased ATP (energy) production as well as a
decrease in oxygen consumption. The effects of beryllium, molybdenum, and
trivalent chromium were similar, but less pronounced. The researchers
conclude that their findings may be the first indication that some
components of common dental alloys may be detrimental to human health. They
urge further research to establish possible synergisms between mixtures of
these different metals on mitochondrial energy production. [54 references]
Messer, R.L.W., et al. An investigation of fibroblast mitochondria enzyme
activity and respiration in response to metallic ions released from dental
alloys. J Biomed Mater Res, Vol. 50, 2000, pp. 598- 604



TAURANGA, NEW ZEALAND. The New Zealand Ministry of Health is reviewing its
policy on the use of mercury-containing amalgams for tooth fillings. This
review comes hard on the heels of a precautionary advice from the UK
Department of Health which warns pregnant women not to have amalgam fillings
installed. Dr. Mike Godfrey, a leading environmental physician, points out
that several major amalgam manufacturers have issued Material Safety Data
Sheets and Directions for Use which clearly warns of the many dangers of
amalgam fillings. Among the restrictions - amalgam fillings should not be
used next to fillings or crowns containing other metals, they should not be
used under crowns, they should not be used in patients with kidney disease,
in pregnant women or in children aged six years or younger. The
manufacturers also warn that mercury vapours from amalgam fillings can
induce psychiatric symptoms in extremely low concentrations. Depression,
mental deterioration, and irritability are among the symptoms listed.
Amalagam fillings are banned in Sweden and Health Canada has proposed a
limit of one (two surfaces) amalgam fillings in a child and four (eight
surfaces) in an adult. Dr. Godfrey points out that his chronic fatigue
syndrome patients have an average of 15 amalgam fillings each and exhibit
many of the symptoms that the amalgam manufacturers are warning against.
Godfrey, M.E. and Feek, Colin. Dental amalgam. New Zealand Medical Journal,
Vol. 111, August 28, 1998, p. 326 (letters to the editor)

Depression and amalgam fillings
FORT COLLINS, COLORADO. There is some evidence that people with dental
amalgam fillings are more likely to suffer from depression than are people
without such fillings. Now researchers at the Rocky Mountain Research
Institute report that removal of amalgam fillings can markedly improve the
symptoms of manic-depressive illness (bipolar disorder). Their study
involved 20 patients who had been diagnosed with manic-depressive illness.
All the patients had amalgam fillings (an average of 10 fillings each). The
concentration of mercury in the mouth was measured at the start of the study
and was found to increase almost 300 per cent after chewing gum for 10
minutes. Other research has shown that 75 per cent or more of the mercury
vapor released by chewing is inhaled into the lungs where it enters the
blood stream and subsequently passes into the brain. Eleven of the patients
were assigned to have all their mercury fillings removed and were also given
multi-vitamins and antioxidants to help chelate and remove the mercury
released during the dental work. The remaining nine patients had a sealant
placed over their fillings and were told that this sealant would prevent
mercury from being released from their fillings. In actual fact there was no
evidence that it would do so. The control group patients were given a
supplemental vitamin and mineral tablet. The patients all completed various
questionnaires designed to evaluate their mental health before and six to
eight months after treatment. It was very clear that the patients who had
had their amalgam fillings removed had improved very significantly in such
important parameters as anxiety, depression, paranoia, hostility, and
obsessive compulsive behaviour. Some of the patients were able to
discontinue their lithium medication after amalgam removal. The researchers
caution that their study was relatively small and urge large scale clinical
trials to validate their findings.
Siblerud, Robert L., et al. Psychometric evidence that dental amalgam
mercury may be an etiological factor in manic depression. Journal of
Orthomolecular Medicine, Vol. 13, No. 1, First Quarter 1998, pp. 31- 40

Amalgam fillings may damage kidneys.
NEWSBRIEF. Amalgam fillings and skin-lightening creams both contain
significant amounts of mercury. Researchers at the King Faisal Hospital in
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia have just completed a study aimed at determining
whether the mercury actually gets into the blood stream. The study involved
225 women (aged 17 to 58 years) who had their urine measured for mercury,
creatinine, urea, uric acid, phosphorus, magnesium, calcium, and glucose.
The urinary mercury level varied between 0 and 204.8 micrograms per liter
and was directly related to the number of dental amalgam fillings present in
the women's mouths. The researchers conclude that chronic exposure to
mercury may be associated with deterioration of renal (kidney) function.
Biometals, Vol. 10, October 1997, pp. 315-23

Amalgam fillings and hearing loss
FORT COLLINS, COLORADO. The leaching of toxic mercury from amalgam fillings
has been implicated in hearing loss. Mercury toxicity has also been linked
to multiple sclerosis (MS). It is believed that the toxic effects of mercury
cause damage to the blood brain barrier, demyelination (damage to the
nerves' myelin sheaths) and slowing of the nerve conduction velocity. Now
researchers at the Rocky Mountain Research Institute provide convincing
proof that dental amalgam fillings may be responsible for the hearing loss
often experienced by multiple sclerosis patients. Their experiment involved
seven women aged 32-46 years who had been diagnosed with MS. The women
underwent a standard hearing test in a sound booth and then had all their
amalgam fillings replaced with composites. Six to eight months later they
were again given the hearing test. Six of the seven patients had
significantly improved hearing in the right ear and five of the seven showed
improvement in the left ear. Overall, hearing improved an average of eight
decibels. The researchers conclude that amalgam fillings may be a
significant factor in hearing loss experienced by MS patients and could be a
factor in hearing loss in other people as well.
Siblerud, Robert L. and Kienholz, Eldon. Evidence that mercury from dental
amalgam may cause hearing loss in multiple sclerosis patients. Journal of
Orthomolecular Medicine, Vol. 12, No. 4, Fourth Quarter, 1997, pp. 240-44

Chronic mercury poisoning is widespread
HILLEROED, DENMARK. A Danish dentist, Dr. H. Lichtenberg, reports that most
of his patients with amalgam fillings suffer from chronic mercury poisoning.
Dr. Lichtenberg measured the actual concentration of mercury vapour in the
mouths of his patients and found that it varied between 3 micrograms of
mercury vapour per cubic meter of air and 329 mcg/m3 with an average of 54.6
mcg/m3. This compares to a maximum permitted level in the workplace of 50
mcg/m3 for people working eight hours a day five days a week. NOTE: This
level applies to Denmark; the maximum level permitted in Switzerland is 10
mcg/m3 and in the USA it is 100 mcg/m3. A recent conference in Canada
proposed a Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) for mercury vapour of 0.014 mcg/kg
of body weight per day; this corresponds to a maximum tolerable daily intake
of 1.0 mcg for a person weighing 70 kilograms. Most of Dr. Lichtenberg's
patients were thus exposed to 50 times the TDI. More than half of Dr.
Lichtenberg's patients exhibited one or more of the following symptoms of
chronic mercury poisoning - fatigue, poor concentration, poor memory,
bloating, joint pain, muscle fatigue, cold hands and feet, irritability, and
headache. Mercury poisoning from dental fillings has also been implicated in
Alzheimer's disease and heart disease.
Lichtenberg, H. Mercury vapour in the oral cavity in relation to number of
amalgam surfaces and the classic symptoms of chronic mercury poisoning.
Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine, Vol. 11, No. 2, Second Quarter 1996, pp.
87-94

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