Appleland is becoming progressively flatter and, at the same time, less usable.
- From: "Rotten Apple" <rotten@xxxxxxxx>
- Date: Mon, 21 Sep 2009 15:16:23 -0500
http://www.asktog.com/columns/075AppleFlatlandPart1.html
AskTog, February 2009
Apple's Flatland Aesthetic, Part 1: The Mac
How a Simple Idea is Causing Complexity
Appleland is becoming progressively flatter and, at the same time, less
usable.
Apple has released a series of revolutionary products over the last several
years, from System X to the iPhone. All represent Herculean software
efforts. With such marked changes, one can expect that early releases will
tend toward the primitive. Over time, users can expect missing functionality
to fill in. For the most part, this has occurred and will continue to do so,
with even highly-sophisticated features appearing, such as copy and paste.
Who's talking?
Bruce Tognazzini was hired at Apple by Steve Jobs and Jef Raskin in 1978,
where he remained for 14 years, founding the Apple Human Interface Group.
He remains a major Apple fan, which is why, when they're doing wrong, he
feels compelled to talk about it.
Filling in obvious features, however, is only one aspect of software
evolution. Equally important is keeping up with the users. The beginner
today will be the expert of tomorrow. The user with 200 photos today will be
the user with 2000 a year from now. The user with 10 songs today will be the
user with 100 songs six months from now. The user with one or two extra apps
on the iPhone will be the user with 100 apps three months from now.
Scaling Up
The great software applications usually didn't start out that way. 20 years
ago, there was a simple application on the Mac for doing basic edits on
photos. It was called Photoshop. Today, Photoshop is a powerhouse of
sophistication, capable of working miracles in the hands of a professional.
Adobe has been in lock-step with their users, increasing Photoshop's
sophistication even as their users increased in theirs.
Apple, on the other hand, nowadays comes out with an initial,
visually-simple model, and then just sticks with it as their users quickly
outgrow it, resulting in their software appearing, over time, to lose power,
instead of gaining it. For several years in the Jobsian Regime, I put down
this perpetual primitivism as just a lack of resources. Now, I think it's
more. I think it's a naive, misplaced belief that flatter is better.
The Apple Flatland Aesthetic
The new Apple seems to subscribe to the the belief that visual simplicity
equals actual simplicity. This proposition indeed holds true on day-one of a
person's adventures in computing. It may even hold true on day 90. It does
not hold true in years one and three and ten, when the user is struggling to
corral thousands of documents with the same tool that was visually-optimized
for 20.
Properly-designed interfaces scale, so that they support the new user as
well as the expert. One of the beauties of Photoshop is that, even after all
these years, with all its increased complexity, it still is able to be a
simple application for doing basic edits on photos. (A new user can become
productive in Photoshop in 10 minutes, even if it takes another 10 years to
learn everything.)
So how do you present a new user with an object that is not overwhelming,
while at the same time offering advanced users the ability to handle
greatly-scaled tasks? In some case, you can design a single object that
scales from the simple case to the highly complex. The Folder is such an
object. A folder with 20 documents is visually simple, but so is a folder
with 20 folders, even though each of those 20 folders, in turn, may contain
another 20 folders, each with 20 documents, for 8000 documents in all.
The second strategy is to migrate users to more complex objects by offering
an object of utility matched to the needs of new users, then replacing that
object with one of more complexity later on.
For example, the iPhone user may start out using the supplied Weather app
with its useful, but primitive level of information-"it's gonna rain
today"-but shift to accuWeather in the midst of their first thunderstorm
(such as I'm experiencing as I'm writing this). These users already know
it's raining outside; they want to look at a radar map to see how much worse
it's going to get and how long before it's over.
Having a single, perfecly-scalable object is the ideal solution, since it
means the user doesn't have to start over, but having multiple choices of
objects may be necessary if the evolving complexity is sufficiently
advanced.
Let's look at several examples of where Apple, on the Macintosh, is doing
neither, but is, instead, just sticking with a beginner object, even when
that object has long since become overwhelmed. In each case, you will see
that the beginner object is flat-hierarchy free-which is both what makes it
so approachable for the new user and so utterly useless for the advanced
user.
The Macintosh Dock
Apple's flatness mania first became apparent with the Macintosh Dock. While
an effective sales tool, it rapidly becomes a hinderance as users progress.
The Dock can handle perhaps 12 or 15 applications sort of well.
As an experienced user, I can't use the Dock to hold my running applications
and my 461 current favorite applications, folders, and documents because I
don't have a ten-foot wide screen. Instead, I used two separate shareware
applications to cover both of the Dock's two main functions. One, called
ASM, shows me all my running applications, including their names, in an
alphabetical list, without taking up any precious desktop space to do so,
since it displays them from a pull-down menu in the menu bar, just as System
9 used to do.
I gain single-click access to all 461 of my favorites by using another small
shareware program called DragThing. Whereas the Dock is flat; DragThing is
not. I've created 19 different tabs in DragThing that encircle my desktop.
Hovering over any one of them opens its drawer, displaying all its files and
folders. For example, my Database tab shows all my databases for immediate
access. (DragThing offers the added bonus of letting you restore the Trash
Can to the desktop, where it belongs.)
The Dock does an excellent job of representing to potential customers the
open, friendly face of an Apple computer, however, it doesn't even begin to
scale. This is a situation where Apple needs to offer a second, compact,
hierarchical object that is still Mac-like, but scales beyond the needs of
the beginner.
Safari
Safari's add-a-bookmark opens up all the bookmark folders at once, giving
the user a single, linear list. The new user can then plunk down a new
bookmark among the eight or ten existing ones without having to worry about
opening folders to do so. Nice. It's not much of a solution, though, for
that same user a year later, when he or she has hit 200 bookmarks and the
list is seven or eight screenfulls tall.
What should Apple do? Is this a case where it becomes time for users to
switch to a more complex mechanism? No. The fundamental approach is
backwards. Apple is already providing an excellent mechanism for selecting a
bookmark. Why not use that same mechanism for storing new ones?
To add a bookmark, the user should just pull down the regular bookmarks,
navigate in the usual way to the subfolder desired, then release on an "add
bookmark here" item found within each subfolder.
Comedian Steven Wright once announced that a friend had given him a map of
the United States, "actual size." When you've already given your users an
actual-size map of something, be it bookmarks or anything else, it is
usually a mistake to come up with some alternate way to perform the same
navigation.
(Fortunately, there is a work-around to the bookmarks problem: Open a second
window and open up all bookmarks within it. Then, drag the Favicon [the icon
next to the URL] to where you would like it to be.)
iPhoto
iPhoto aggregates incoming photos in objects called, "Events." A typical
event might hold all the photos you took at the baseball game last weekend.
By adding keywords to the photos, they can be later drawn up into albums
reflecting, for example, all ball game photos you've ever taken or all
photos featuring your favorite player at bat. iPhoto allows you to view just
under 30 events at once, all laid out with giant thumbnails, so, for the
first few months, the mechanism works quite well.
I currently have 522 events holding more than 13,000 photographs total. It
takes 19 clicks in the scroll bar to view all 20 screenfulls of them and an
average of 38 clicks to find the one I'm looking for, since I usually miss
it the first couple of times around. Apple provides no alternate view other
than giant thumbnails, and, in keeping with Flatland, no way of dropping
groups of events into folders.
Keywording lets me overcome what would be a fatal design flaw, since I can
zero in on a particular event by typing in keywords I know are associated
with it, but this scheme works in spite of Apple's best efforts, not because
of it.
Keywords have also been kept linear, with iPhoto just producing a gigantic
blob of text displaying all the keywords in a matrix, and, by "all," I mean
about 20% of them. (The rest remain permanently hidden from view, since the
blob isn't big enough to show them.)
Fortunately, for those people who have outgrown iPhoto's native
capabilities, Shareware has again come to the rescue in the form of Keyword
Manager from Bullstorm. This add-on is not only greatly superior to the
Flatland keywording system within iPhoto, it beats the keywording system
within Aperture, Apple's pro version of iPhoto.
With Keyword Manager, users can nest their keywords as deeply as they wish,
and choosing a keyword deep in the hierarchy will automatically also keyword
the photo with every keyword in the hierarchy above it. For example, if I
add the keyword, Aircraft Carrier, it will add Warship, Ship, and Vessel.
Later, searching for any of these will find the photo.
When I open Keyword Manager, I see 14 categories. When I open Apple's
presentation, intended to be visually-simpler, I see more than 100 keywords.
I actually have over 1200 keywords, and I can get to any one within three
clicks with Keyword Manager. With Apple's scheme, I can't get to them at all
unless the keyword I'm looking for is in the 100 iPhoto will show me. The
rest are permanently hidden.
When an aesthetic gets this much in the way, it's time for it to go. The
fact that it's hung on this long is rather amazing, since Apple tends not to
cling to bad ideas. I suspect this bad idea has been hanging out in Apple's
collective subconcious for several years now, unquestioned and, with
probably a great deal of effort, somehow not noticed, although how you don't
notice for eight years that 90+% of any serious user's keywords are just
simply inaccessible is beyond me.
What Apple needs to do about iPhoto
Allow nesting of events
Offer alternate views of Events, including a list view, so more than 30
events can be seen in a single screenfull.
Buy Keyword Manager and add it to iPhoto
What Apple needs to do in general
Apple needs to take a fresh look at all of their products across the board,
specifically looking for where old decisions favoring new users are now
dragging those same users down. Of course it's a good idea to avoid
complexity, including hierarchies, where possible, but some tasks are
inherently complex. Go for visual and behavioral simplicity where it works,
but be prepared to back off.
.
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