Re: A request for information please.

On 15 May, 23:44, Stephen Harris <cyberguard-1...@xxxxxxxxx> wrote:
The underlying goal of AI is to write a program that will appear
or behave as if it has human level intelligence. The best test
for this is called the Turing Test (TT). A program passes the TT
if it can have an email conversation with you for an extended
period of time and convince you (without you knowing beforehand)
that it is human, because it thinks fairly rationally like a human.
This is a lesser goal than having a walking about human level robot.

The program can have several languages for expressing itself. The
hard part is to get it to seemingly understand what you say so that
it can respond with appropriate, rather than odd, replies. To carry
on a conversation remembering and relating to earlier parts of the
conversation. Learning from examples would be important because a
human can learn from example. Analogies are a major part of this.

So the goal is to create an AI program and this means writing the
program in a programming language. There are sub-goals, such as
automatic layout of a web page, so such "expert" programs are useful
but still need to be written in some formal programming language.
There has been almost total failure in 50 years for TT passing programs.

Design wise, I've read from others that the influence of modern
'instant' layouts has given a bland and impersonal quality to
presentation, one to one design practice on a project means that
the designer can be absolutely precise about what is required,
taste, aesthetics, culture, what sort of people the media design
is aimed for, readership etc all need to be considered. Layouts
need to be regularly updated and I imagine it to be the same
working on a language base, where there are phrases and oblique
references and where content varies from time to time.

Some programming languages are more visually oriented than others, so
that a background in graphics design might point to using a visual
approach in trying to create an AI program (if that is your goal).

Wolfram thinks the whole universe might have evolved from a simple
cellular automata (CA) rule to all the current complexity. Since
there are so many CA rules it is hard to discover the rule which
will unfold into a desired outcome. The idea of emerging a mind is
part of Artificial Life, a related field to to AI. Shape Grammars:

I read the overview of 'A New Kind of Science' on MIT,

so, a single cellular automata, with a set of constraints and its
evolution bounded by the limits of its own design, etc. but then
that does'nt include 'contingencies' I mean it would have to
develop into something someplace wouldn't it? the external 'somewhere'
affecting it's A.IQ. as I havn't read the book I'm unsure if he
means he's 'seeded' a hypothetical space to develop an enviroment
in which to 'grow' or evolve the CA's

"The research objective herein is to exploit the potential of CA by
presenting an approach for using shape grammar [5] (a formal set of
rules applied to shapes to generate a language of design; allows the
visualization of the desired form and function of the rules)

But does this mean CA's develop into framework structure, like
neurons and consequently an environment in which consciousness
and cognitive events only occur, & is he saying that ALL structures
of expression, including the development of grammars etc, can be
founded upon that?.
I don't know, considering the number of neurons/computations we
make, by the time we're aware of something, we're still fairly
limited by some sort of perceptional uptake. I think spoken
language and communications must have developed a heck of lot
late on in our evolution tho.

to derive
CA rules. The essential scope of this investigation falls within the
domain of self-generative system architecture, with the specific
methodology entailing the use of a shape grammar for establishing the
rules of the design process (at both the elemental and organizational
levels), followed by a CA approach for actually generating the
creative design space. The shape grammar thus expresses the physics
of the formfunction and becomes transcribed into CA rules and their
conditional neighborhoods, with the CA rules generating the design space.

the creative design space, or conditional neibourhoods, influences
the the CA rules and physics in some way to feedback into the
creative design space?

The use of shape grammars affords to the system architect the capability
for assuring that design proceeds by rules that embody the relevant
principles of physics and can select design candidates that meet
stability, robustness, aesthetics, cost and other requirements, thereby
managing an otherwise possibly explosive design space. At the same time,
shape grammars allow the system architect to explore a diverse variety
of design styles, providing opportunities for the emergence of
potentially useful higher order components and modular structures. The
system architect's role is thus to create a design space of
conceptualizations and select good system architectures from this design
space for a specification, to determine the design physics and selection
rules to be implemented, to develop the shape grammars to reflect these
rules at the modular and hierarchical levels, and to program the CA to
capture these rules and output a design catalog of the best candidates
that meet the specification."

I'd be sure to say 'conceptualization' only if I were absolutely
sure 'it' imitated natural processes of thought, and if the
specification is intelligences, suitability to perform a miracle
in its environment.

"Formal grammars are systems of rules for characterizing the structure,
or the syntax, of sentences in natural and artificial languages. Shape
grammars are a geometrical design adaptation of Noam Chomsky's formal
(phrase structure or transformational) grammars [19] and are recursively
enumerable, having the capability of producing unrestricted languages
[20]. Thus, shape grammars are systems of rules for characterizing the
composition of designs in spatial languages."

nice idea to think of language as 'modules' in 3D space I suppose,
(yep I know its a reversal ;) although there's so many ways to link
systems together,hmmm if I had more time I wouldn't half fancy
exploring that

SH: Scheme (free) and Lisp are languages often used to write AI
programs and they are more symbolic than the CA/shape grammar approach.

Even just in conversation, the environment of possible discussions is
huge and the problem for AI is to select the appropriate responses to
match the ever changing and revised contexts of the environment. A
healthy adult has much the same physical equipment due to genes, so
we all see a dog (Nature), sense time passing, expect cause and effect,
etc; but then each mind gets its own unique set of shaping experiences
(Nurture) causing differences of opinion, morals, and language etc.
The successful TT passing program has to be able to sort and match
the consensus human conceptual reality to pass itself off as human.

If you plan on creating AI programs you have a lot of work ahead.
indeedy, and I'm hopeless at programming, so it's back to the
cocktail sticks and coloured pieces of play-doh for the time being,

I look forward to your feedback,

n.

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