British team grows human heart valve from stem cells

http://www.guardian.co.uk/medicine/story/0,,2048062,00.html

British team grows human heart valve from stem cells

Tissue for transplants could be available within three years if trials
are successful
Alok Jha, science correspondent
Monday April 2, 2007

Guardian
A British research team led by the world's leading heart surgeon has
grown part of a human heart from stem cells for the first time. If
animal trials scheduled for later this year prove successful,
replacement tissue could be used in transplants for the hundreds of
thousands of people suffering from heart disease within three years.

Sir Magdi Yacoub, a professor of cardiac surgery at Imperial College
London, has worked on ways to tackle the shortage of donated hearts
for transplant for more than a decade. His team at the heart science
centre at Harefield hospital have grown tissue that works in the same
way as the valves in human hearts, a significant step towards the goal
of growing whole replacement hearts from stem cells.

According to the World Health Organisation, 15 million people died of
cardiovascular disease in 2005; by 2010, it is estimated that 600,000
people around the world will need replacement heart valves. "You can
see the common pathway of death and suffering is heart failure," said
Prof Yacoub. "Reversing heart failure could have a major impact."

Growing replacement tissue from stem cells is one of the principal
goals of biology. If a damaged part of the body can be replaced by
tissue that is genetically matched to the patient, there is no chance
of rejection. So far, scientists have grown tendons, cartilages and
bladders, but none of these has the complexity of organs, which are
three-dimensional structures of dozens of different types of cells.

To crack the problem, Prof Yacoub assembled a team of physicists,
biologists, engineers, pharmacologists, cellular scientists and
clinicians. Their task - to characterise how every bit of the heart
works - has so far taken 10 years. The progress of his team and that
of colleagues around the world will be published in August in a
special edition of the journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
Society.

Prof Yacoub said his team's latest work had brought the goal of
growing a whole, beating human heart closer. "It is an ambitious
project but not impossible. If you want me to guess I'd say 10 years.
But experience has shown that the progress that is happening nowadays
makes it possible to achieve milestones in a shorter time. I wouldn't
be surprised if it was some day sooner than we think."

Currently, many people suffering from heart valve disease have
artificial replacement valves. Though they save lives, the artificial
valves are far from perfect. They perform none of the more
sophisticated functions of living tissue, children need their valves
replaced as they grow, and patients need a lifetime of drugs to
prevent complications after surgery.

"The way a living valve functions, it anticipates haemodynamic events
and responds and changes its shape and size. It's completely different
from an artificial valve which will just open and shut. The heart
muscle itself will appreciate something which will make it free to
contract properly," said Prof Yacoub.

Adrian Chester, one of the lead scientists at the Harefield centre,
has focused on characterising the valves in the heart. "You have
mediators in blood or released locally in the valve that can make
parts of the valve contract and relax. That work has then extended
into looking at the incidence of nerves in the valve - these can cause
the types of contractions and relaxations in a very specific way."

By using chemical and physical nudges, the scientists first coaxed
stem cells extracted from bone marrow to grow into heart valve cells.
By placing these cells into scaffolds made of collagen, Dr Chester and
his colleague Patricia Taylor then grew small 3cm-wide discs of heart
valve tissue. Later this year, that tissue will be implanted into
animals - probably sheep or pigs - and monitored to see how well it
works as part of a circulatory system.

If that trial works well, Prof Yacoub is optimistic that the
replacement heart tissue, which can be grown into the shape of a human
heart valve using specially-designed collagen scaffolds, could be used
in patients within three to five years.

Growing a suitably-sized piece of tissue from a patient's own stem
cells would take around a month but he said that most people would not
need such individualised treatment. A store of ready-grown tissue made
from a wide variety of stem cells could provide good matches for the
majority of the population.

Prof Yacoub's inspiration has come not only from other scientists but
also from an unexpected source - the celebrated British artist, Antony
Gormley, who has donated a sculpture to the heart science centre. "We
need a lot of experts from different fields but we also need a lot of
imagination and a lot of understanding of how form interacts with
function," said Prof Yacoub. "Art gives a lot of inspiration and
beauty. And beauty is part of science."

Mr Gormley, who has also contributed to the upcoming special issue of
the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society with an article on
the relationship between form and function in sculpture, said he
admired the universalism with which Prof Yacoub approached his work.
"He manages to do the Robin Hood job in a very important way for the
benefit of all humanity. I found in him a fellow traveller in terms of
trying to do things at the fringes of the possible with the highest
levels of input in terms of technology and intelligence. Everybody
breathes air, everybody pumps blood."
Guardian Unlimited © Guardian News and Media Limited 2007

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